diff --git a/src/plugins/intel_cpu/src/graph.cpp b/src/plugins/intel_cpu/src/graph.cpp
index b3f23d2c6cc..f1764dc174d 100644
--- a/src/plugins/intel_cpu/src/graph.cpp
+++ b/src/plugins/intel_cpu/src/graph.cpp
@@ -1359,7 +1359,11 @@ void Graph::InferDynamic(SyncInferRequest* request) {
 
             if (request)
                 request->throw_if_canceled();
-            ExecuteNode(node, stream);
+            try {
+                ExecuteNode(node, stream);
+            } catch (const std::exception& exp) {
+                OPENVINO_THROW(node, exp.what());
+            }
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/plugins/intel_cpu/src/node.cpp b/src/plugins/intel_cpu/src/node.cpp
index bd2f52adf04..1305895ed37 100644
--- a/src/plugins/intel_cpu/src/node.cpp
+++ b/src/plugins/intel_cpu/src/node.cpp
@@ -548,12 +548,16 @@ void Node::updateShapes() {
                     getTypeStr(),
                     " with name: ",
                     getName());
-    if (needShapeInfer()) {
-        auto result = shapeInfer();
-        if (ShapeInferStatus::success == result.status) {
-            redefineOutputMemory(result.dims);
+        try {
+            if (needShapeInfer()) {
+                auto result = shapeInfer();
+                if (ShapeInferStatus::success == result.status) {
+                    redefineOutputMemory(result.dims);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (const std::exception& exp) {
+            THROW_CPU_NODE_ERR(exp.what());
         }
-    }
 }
 
 void Node::updateDynamicParams() {
@@ -562,18 +566,18 @@ void Node::updateDynamicParams() {
                     getTypeStr(),
                     " with name: ",
                     getName());
-    if (isExecutable()) {
-        if (needPrepareParams()) {
-            OPENVINO_ASSERT(inputShapesDefined(),
-                            "Can't prepare params for ",
-                            getTypeStr(),
-                            " node with name: ",
-                            getName(),
-                            " since the input shapes are not defined.");
-            DEBUG_LOG(" prepareParams() on #", getExecIndex(), " ", getTypeStr(), " ", algToString(getAlgorithm()),
-                      " ", getName(), " ", getOriginalLayers());
-            prepareParams();
+    try {
+        if (isExecutable()) {
+            if (needPrepareParams()) {
+                OPENVINO_ASSERT(inputShapesDefined(),
+                                "Input shapes are not defined.");
+                DEBUG_LOG(" prepareParams() on #", getExecIndex(), " ", getTypeStr(), " ", algToString(getAlgorithm()),
+                        " ", getName(), " ", getOriginalLayers());
+                prepareParams();
+            }
         }
+    } catch (const std::exception& e) {
+        THROW_CPU_NODE_ERR(e.what());
     }
 }
 
@@ -1597,34 +1601,29 @@ std::vector<VectorDims> Node::shapeInferGeneric(const std::vector<Shape>& shapes
         }
 
         return std::move(result.dims);
-    } catch (const std::runtime_error& exp) {
+    } catch (const std::exception& exp) {
         OPENVINO_THROW("Shape inference of ", getTypeStr(), " node with name ", getName(), " failed: ", exp.what());
     }
 }
 
 IShapeInfer::Result Node::shapeInfer() const {
-    try {
-        std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<const VectorDims>> input_shapes;
-        auto input_value_port_mask = shapeInference->get_port_mask();
+    std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<const VectorDims>> input_shapes;
+    auto input_value_port_mask = shapeInference->get_port_mask();
 
-        input_shapes.reserve(inputShapes.size());
-        for (size_t port = 0; port < inputShapes.size(); ++port)
-            input_shapes.emplace_back(std::ref(getParentEdgeAt(port)->getMemory().getStaticDims()));
+    input_shapes.reserve(inputShapes.size());
+    for (size_t port = 0; port < inputShapes.size(); ++port)
+        input_shapes.emplace_back(std::ref(getParentEdgeAt(port)->getMemory().getStaticDims()));
 
-        std::unordered_map<size_t, MemoryPtr> input_values;
-        if (input_value_port_mask) {
-            for (size_t port = 0; port < inputShapes.size(); ++port) {
-                if (input_value_port_mask & (1 << port)) {
-                    input_values[port] = getSrcMemoryAtPort(port);
-                }
+    std::unordered_map<size_t, MemoryPtr> input_values;
+    if (input_value_port_mask) {
+        for (size_t port = 0; port < inputShapes.size(); ++port) {
+            if (input_value_port_mask & (1 << port)) {
+                input_values[port] = getSrcMemoryAtPort(port);
             }
         }
+    }
 
-        return shapeInference->infer(input_shapes, input_values);
-    }
-    catch (const std::runtime_error& exp) {
-        OPENVINO_THROW("Shape inference of ", getTypeStr() , " node with name ", getName(), " failed: ", exp.what());
-    }
+    return shapeInference->infer(input_shapes, input_values);
 }
 
 void Node::updateLastInputDims() {
@@ -1942,5 +1941,16 @@ void Node::resolveInPlaceDirection() {
     }
 }
 
+#ifndef CPU_DEBUG_CAPS
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Node& node) {
+    return out << "Node " << node.getName() <<
+        " of type " << node.getTypeStr() << "\n";
+}
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Node* node) {
+    return operator<<(out, (*node));
+}
+#endif
+
 }   // namespace intel_cpu
 }   // namespace ov
diff --git a/src/plugins/intel_cpu/src/node.h b/src/plugins/intel_cpu/src/node.h
index f92ec31a0b1..d442c0280ab 100644
--- a/src/plugins/intel_cpu/src/node.h
+++ b/src/plugins/intel_cpu/src/node.h
@@ -833,6 +833,12 @@ private:
     CPU_DEBUG_CAP_ENABLE(friend class Verbose);
 };
 
+#ifndef CPU_DEBUG_CAPS
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const Node&);
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const Node*);
+#endif
+
 template <class... T>
 constexpr uint64_t PortMask(T... rest) {
     return util::bit::mask(rest...);