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cassandra/pylib/cqlshlib/helptopics.py

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# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
# or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
# distributed with this work for additional information
# regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
# with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from cql.cqltypes import cql_types
class CQLHelpTopics(object):
def get_help_topics(self):
return [ t[5:] for t in dir(self) if t.startswith('help_') ]
def print_help_topic(self, topic):
getattr(self, 'help_' + topic.lower())()
def help_types(self):
print "\n CQL types recognized by this version of cqlsh:\n"
for t in cql_types:
print ' ' + t
print """
For information on the various recognizable input formats for these
types, or on controlling the formatting of cqlsh query output, see
one of the following topics:
HELP TIMESTAMP_INPUT
HELP BLOB_INPUT
HELP UUID_INPUT
HELP BOOLEAN_INPUT
HELP TEXT_OUTPUT
HELP TIMESTAMP_OUTPUT
"""
def help_timestamp_input(self):
print """
Timestamp input
CQL supports any of the following ISO 8601 formats for timestamp
specification:
yyyy-mm-dd HH:mm
yyyy-mm-dd HH:mm:ss
yyyy-mm-dd HH:mmZ
yyyy-mm-dd HH:mm:ssZ
yyyy-mm-dd'T'HH:mm
yyyy-mm-dd'T'HH:mmZ
yyyy-mm-dd'T'HH:mm:ss
yyyy-mm-dd'T'HH:mm:ssZ
yyyy-mm-dd
yyyy-mm-ddZ
The Z in these formats refers to an RFC-822 4-digit time zone,
expressing the time zone's difference from UTC. For example, a
timestamp in Pacific Standard Time might be given thus:
2012-01-20 16:14:12-0800
If no time zone is supplied, the current time zone for the Cassandra
server node will be used.
"""
def help_blob_input(self):
print """
Blob input
CQL blob data must be specified in a string literal as hexidecimal
data. Example: to store the ASCII values for the characters in the
string "CQL", use '43514c'.
"""
def help_uuid_input(self):
print """
UUID input
UUIDs may be specified in CQL using 32 hexidecimal characters,
split up using dashes in the standard UUID format:
XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX
"""
def help_boolean_input(self):
print """
Boolean input
CQL accepts the strings 'true' and 'false' (case insensitive)
as input for boolean types.
"""
def help_timestamp_output(self):
print """
Timestamp output
Cqlsh will display timestamps in the following format by default:
yyyy-mm-dd HH:mm:ssZ
which is a format acceptable as CQL timestamp input as well.
The output format can be changed by setting 'time_format' property
in the [ui] section of .cqlshrc file.
"""
def help_text_output(self):
print """
Textual output
When control characters, or other characters which can't be encoded
in your current locale, are found in values of 'text' or 'ascii'
types, it will be shown as a backslash escape. If color is enabled,
any such backslash escapes will be shown in a different color from
the surrounding text.
Unicode code points in your data will be output intact, if the
encoding for your locale is capable of decoding them. If you prefer
that non-ascii characters be shown with Python-style "\\uABCD"
escape sequences, invoke cqlsh with an ASCII locale (for example,
by setting the $LANG environment variable to "C").
"""
help_ascii_output = help_text_output
def help_create_index(self):
print """
CREATE INDEX [<indexname>] ON <cfname> ( <colname> );
A CREATE INDEX statement is used to create a new, automatic secondary
index on the given CQL table, for the named column. A name for the
index itself can be specified before the ON keyword, if desired. A
single column name must be specified inside the parentheses. It is not
necessary for the column to exist on any current rows (Cassandra is
schema-optional), but the column must already have a type (specified
during the CREATE TABLE, or added afterwards with ALTER TABLE).
"""
def help_drop(self):
print """
There are different variants of DROP. For more information, see
one of the following:
HELP DROP_KEYSPACE;
HELP DROP_TABLE;
HELP DROP_INDEX;
"""
def help_drop_keyspace(self):
print """
DROP KEYSPACE <keyspacename>;
A DROP KEYSPACE statement results in the immediate, irreversible
removal of a keyspace, including all column families in it, and all
data contained in those column families.
"""
def help_drop_table(self):
print """
DROP TABLE <tablename>;
A DROP TABLE statement results in the immediate, irreversible
removal of a CQL table and the underlying column family, including all
data contained in it.
"""
help_drop_columnfamily = help_drop_table
def help_drop_index(self):
print """
DROP INDEX <indexname>;
A DROP INDEX statement is used to drop an existing secondary index.
"""
def help_truncate(self):
print """
TRUNCATE <tablename>;
TRUNCATE accepts a single argument for the table name, and permanently
removes all data from it.
"""
def help_create(self):
print """
There are different variants of CREATE. For more information, see
one of the following:
HELP CREATE_KEYSPACE;
HELP CREATE_TABLE;
HELP CREATE_INDEX;
"""
def help_use(self):
print """
USE <keyspacename>;
Tells cqlsh and the connected Cassandra instance that you will be
working in the given keyspace. All subsequent operations on tables
or indexes will be in the context of this keyspace, unless otherwise
specified, until another USE command is issued or the connection
terminates.
As always, when a keyspace name does not work as a normal identifier or
number, it can be quoted using single quotes (CQL 2) or double quotes
(CQL 3).
"""
def help_create_table(self):
print """
CREATE TABLE <cfname> ( <colname> <type> PRIMARY KEY [,
<colname> <type> [, ...]] )
[WITH <optionname> = <val> [AND <optionname> = <val> [...]]];
CREATE TABLE statements create a new CQL table under the current
keyspace. Valid table names are strings of alphanumeric characters and
underscores, which begin with a letter.
Each table requires a primary key, which will correspond to the
underlying columnfamily key and key validator. It's important to
note that the key type you use must be compatible with the partitioner
in use. For example, OrderPreservingPartitioner and
CollatingOrderPreservingPartitioner both require UTF-8 keys.
In cql3 mode, a table can have multiple columns composing the primary
key (see HELP COMPOUND_PRIMARY_KEYS).
For more information, see one of the following:
HELP CREATE_TABLE_TYPES;
HELP CREATE_TABLE_OPTIONS;
"""
help_create_columnfamily = help_create_table
def help_compound_primary_keys(self):
print """
CREATE TABLE <cfname> ( <partition_key> <type>, <clustering_key1> type, <clustering_key2> type,
[, ...]], PRIMARY KEY (<partition_key>, <clustering_key1>, <clustering_key2>);
CREATE TABLE allows a primary key composed of multiple columns. When this is the case, specify
the columns that take part in the compound key after all columns have been specified.
, PRIMARY KEY( <key1>, <key2>, ... )
The partitioning key itself can be a compound key, in which case the first element of the PRIMARY KEY
phrase should be parenthesized, as
PRIMARY KEY ((<partition_key_part1>, <partition_key_part2>), <clustering_key>)
"""
def help_create_table_types(self):
print """
CREATE TABLE: Specifying column types
CREATE ... (KEY <type> PRIMARY KEY,
othercol <type>) ...
It is possible to assign columns a type during table creation. Columns
configured with a type are validated accordingly when a write occurs,
and intelligent CQL drivers and interfaces will be able to decode the
column values correctly when receiving them. Column types are specified
as a parenthesized, comma-separated list of column term and type pairs.
See HELP TYPES; for the list of recognized types.
"""
help_create_columnfamily_types = help_create_table_types
def help_create_table_options(self):
print """
CREATE TABLE: Specifying columnfamily options
CREATE TABLE blah (...)
WITH optionname = val AND otheroption = val2;
A number of optional keyword arguments can be supplied to control the
configuration of a new CQL table, such as the size of the associated
row and key caches for the underlying Cassandra columnfamily. Consult
your CQL reference for the complete list of options and possible
values.
"""
help_create_columnfamily_options = help_create_table_options
def help_alter_alter(self):
print """
ALTER TABLE: altering existing typed columns
ALTER TABLE addamsFamily ALTER lastKnownLocation TYPE uuid;
ALTER TABLE ... ALTER changes the expected storage type for a column.
The column must already have a type in the column family metadata. The
column may or may not already exist in current rows-- but be aware that
no validation of existing data is done. The bytes stored in values for
that column will remain unchanged, and if existing data is not
deserializable according to the new type, this may cause your CQL
driver or interface to report errors.
"""
def help_alter_add(self):
print """
ALTER TABLE: adding a typed column
ALTER TABLE addamsFamily ADD gravesite varchar;
The ALTER TABLE ... ADD variant adds a typed column to a column
family. The column must not already have a type in the column family
metadata. See the warnings on HELP ALTER_ALTER regarding the lack of
validation of existing data; they apply here as well.
"""
def help_alter_drop(self):
print """
ALTER TABLE: dropping a typed column
ALTER TABLE addamsFamily DROP gender;
An ALTER TABLE ... DROP statement removes the type of a column
from the column family metadata. Note that this does _not_ remove the
column from current rows; it just removes the metadata saying that the
bytes stored under that column are expected to be deserializable
according to a certain type.
"""
def help_alter_with(self):
print """
ALTER TABLE: changing column family properties
ALTER TABLE addamsFamily WITH comment = 'Glad to be here!'
AND read_repair_chance = 0.2;
An ALTER TABLE ... WITH statement makes adjustments to the
table properties, as defined when the table was created (see
HELP CREATE_TABLE_OPTIONS and your Cassandra documentation for
information about the supported parameter names and values).
"""
def help_delete_columns(self):
print """
DELETE: specifying columns
DELETE col1, col2, col3 FROM ...
Following the DELETE keyword is an optional comma-delimited list of
column name terms. When no column names are given, the remove applies
to the entire row(s) matched by the WHERE clause.
When column names do not parse as valid CQL identifiers, they can be
quoted in single quotes (CQL 2) or double quotes (CQL 3).
"""
def help_delete_where(self):
print """
DELETE: specifying rows
DELETE ... WHERE keycol = 'some_key_value';
DELETE ... WHERE keycol1 = 'val1' AND keycol2 = 'val2';
DELETE ... WHERE keycol IN (key1, key2);
The WHERE clause is used to determine to which row(s) a DELETE
applies. The first form allows the specification of a precise row
by specifying a particular primary key value (if the primary key has
multiple columns, values for each must be given). The second form
allows a list of key values to be specified using the IN operator
and a parenthesized list of comma-delimited key values.
"""
def help_update_set(self):
print """
UPDATE: Specifying Columns and Row
UPDATE ... SET name1 = value1, name2 = value2
WHERE <key> = keyname;
UPDATE ... SET name1 = value1, name2 = value2
WHERE <key> IN ('<key1>', '<key2>', ...)
Rows are created or updated by supplying column names and values in
term assignment format. Multiple columns can be set by separating the
name/value pairs using commas.
"""
def help_update_counters(self):
print """
UPDATE: Updating Counter Columns
UPDATE ... SET name1 = name1 + <value> ...
UPDATE ... SET name1 = name1 - <value> ...
Counter columns can be incremented or decremented by an arbitrary
numeric value though the assignment of an expression that adds or
substracts the value.
"""
def help_update_where(self):
print """
UPDATE: Selecting rows to update
UPDATE ... WHERE <keyname> = <keyval>;
UPDATE ... WHERE <keyname> IN (<keyval1>, <keyval2>, ...);
UPDATE ... WHERE <keycol1> = <keyval1> AND <keycol2> = <keyval2>;
Each update statement requires a precise set of keys to be specified
using a WHERE clause.
If the table's primary key consists of multiple columns, an explicit
value must be given for each for the UPDATE statement to make sense.
"""
def help_select_table(self):
print """
SELECT: Specifying Table
SELECT ... FROM [<keyspace>.]<tablename> ...
The FROM clause is used to specify the CQL table applicable to a SELECT
query. The keyspace in which the table exists can optionally be
specified along with the table name, separated by a dot (.). This will
not change the current keyspace of the session (see HELP USE).
"""
help_select_columnfamily = help_select_table
def help_select_where(self):
print """
SELECT: Filtering rows
SELECT ... WHERE <key> = keyname AND name1 = value1
SELECT ... WHERE <key> >= startkey and <key> =< endkey AND name1 = value1
SELECT ... WHERE <key> IN ('<key>', '<key>', '<key>', ...)
The WHERE clause provides for filtering the rows that appear in
results. The clause can filter on a key name, or range of keys, and in
the case of indexed columns, on column values. Key filters are
specified using the KEY keyword or key alias name, a relational
operator (one of =, >, >=, <, and <=), and a term value. When terms
appear on both sides of a relational operator it is assumed the filter
applies to an indexed column. With column index filters, the term on
the left of the operator is the name, the term on the right is the
value to filter _on_.
Note: The greater-than and less-than operators (> and <) result in key
ranges that are inclusive of the terms. There is no supported notion of
"strictly" greater-than or less-than; these operators are merely
supported as aliases to >= and <=.
"""
def help_select_limit(self):
print """
SELECT: Limiting results
SELECT ... WHERE <clause> [LIMIT n] ...
Limiting the number of rows returned can be achieved by adding the
LIMIT option to a SELECT expression. LIMIT defaults to 10,000 when left
unset.
"""
class CQL3HelpTopics(CQLHelpTopics):
def help_create_keyspace(self):
print """
CREATE KEYSPACE <ksname>
WITH replication = {'class':'<strategy>' [,'<option>':<val>]};
The CREATE KEYSPACE statement creates a new top-level namespace (aka
"keyspace"). Valid names are any string constructed of alphanumeric
characters and underscores. Names which do not work as valid
identifiers or integers should be quoted as string literals. Properties
such as replication strategy and count are specified during creation
as key-value pairs in the 'replication' map:
class [required]: The name of the replication strategy class
which should be used for the new keyspace. Some often-used classes
are SimpleStrategy and NetworkTopologyStrategy.
other options [optional]: Most strategies require additional arguments
which can be supplied as key-value pairs in the 'replication' map.
Examples:
To create a keyspace with NetworkTopologyStrategy and strategy option of "DC1"
with a value of "1" and "DC2" with a value of "2" you would use
the following statement:
CREATE KEYSPACE <ksname>
WITH replication = {'class':'NetworkTopologyStrategy', 'DC1':1, 'DC2':2};
To create a keyspace with SimpleStrategy and "replication_factor" option
with a value of "3" you would use this statement:
CREATE KEYSPACE <ksname>
WITH replication = {'class':'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor':3};
"""
def help_begin(self):
print """
BEGIN [UNLOGGED|COUNTER] BATCH [USING TIMESTAMP <timestamp>]
<insert or update or delete statement> ;
[ <another insert or update or delete statement ;
[...]]
APPLY BATCH;
BATCH supports setting a client-supplied optional global timestamp
which will be used for each of the operations included in the batch.
Only data modification statements (specifically, UPDATE, INSERT,
and DELETE) are allowed in a BATCH statement. BATCH is _not_ an
analogue for SQL transactions.
_NOTE: Counter mutations are allowed only within COUNTER batches._
_NOTE: While there are no isolation guarantees, UPDATE queries are
atomic within a given record._
"""
help_apply = help_begin
def help_select(self):
print """
SELECT <selectExpr>
FROM [<keyspace>.]<table>
[WHERE <clause>]
[ORDER BY <colname> [DESC]]
[LIMIT m];
SELECT is used to read one or more records from a CQL table. It returns
a set of rows matching the selection criteria specified.
For more information, see one of the following:
HELP SELECT_EXPR
HELP SELECT_TABLE
HELP SELECT_WHERE
HELP SELECT_LIMIT
"""
def help_delete(self):
print """
DELETE [<col1> [, <col2>, ...] FROM [<keyspace>.]<tablename>
[USING TIMESTAMP <timestamp>]
WHERE <keyname> = <keyvalue>;
A DELETE is used to perform the removal of one or more columns from one
or more rows. Each DELETE statement requires a precise set of row keys
to be specified using a WHERE clause and the KEY keyword or key alias.
For more information, see one of the following:
HELP DELETE_USING
HELP DELETE_COLUMNS
HELP DELETE_WHERE
"""
def help_delete_using(self):
print """
DELETE: the USING clause
DELETE ... USING TIMESTAMP <timestamp>;
<timestamp> defines the optional timestamp for the new tombstone
record. It must be an integer. Cassandra timestamps are generally
specified using milliseconds since the Unix epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00
UTC).
"""
def help_update(self):
print """
UPDATE [<keyspace>.]<columnFamily>
[USING [TIMESTAMP <timestamp>]
[AND TTL <timeToLive>]]
SET name1 = value1, name2 = value2 WHERE <keycol> = keyval;
An UPDATE is used to write one or more columns to a record in a table.
No results are returned. The record's primary key must be completely
and uniquely specified; that is, if the primary key includes multiple
columns, all must be explicitly given in the WHERE clause.
Statements begin with the UPDATE keyword followed by the name of the
table to be updated.
For more information, see one of the following:
HELP UPDATE_USING
HELP UPDATE_SET
HELP UPDATE_COUNTERS
HELP UPDATE_WHERE
"""
def help_update_using(self):
print """
UPDATE: the USING clause
UPDATE ... USING TIMESTAMP <timestamp>;
UPDATE ... USING TTL <timeToLive>;
The USING clause allows setting of certain query and data parameters.
If multiple parameters need to be set, these may be joined using AND.
Example:
UPDATE ... USING TTL 43200 AND TIMESTAMP 1351620509603
<timestamp> defines the optional timestamp for the new column value(s).
It must be an integer. Cassandra timestamps are generally specified
using milliseconds since the Unix epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC).
<timeToLive> defines the optional time to live (TTL) in seconds for the
new column value(s). It must be an integer.
"""
def help_insert(self):
print """
INSERT INTO [<keyspace>.]<tablename>
( <colname1>, <colname2> [, <colname3> [, ...]] )
VALUES ( <colval1>, <colval2> [, <colval3> [, ...]] )
[USING TIMESTAMP <timestamp>]
[AND TTL <timeToLive>];
An INSERT is used to write one or more columns to a record in a
CQL table. No results are returned.
Values for all component columns in the table's primary key must
be given. Also, there must be at least one non-primary-key column
specified (Cassandra rows are not considered to exist with only
a key and no associated columns).
Unlike in SQL, the semantics of INSERT and UPDATE are identical.
In either case a record is created if none existed before, and
udpated when it does. For more information, see one of the
following:
HELP UPDATE
HELP UPDATE_USING
"""
def help_select_expr(self):
print """
SELECT: Specifying Columns
SELECT name1, name2, name3 FROM ...
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ...
The SELECT expression determines which columns will appear in the
results and takes the form of a comma separated list of names.
It is worth noting that unlike the projection in a SQL SELECT, there is
no guarantee that the results will contain all of the columns
specified. This is because Cassandra is schema-less and there are no
guarantees that a given column exists.
When the COUNT aggregate function is specified as a column to fetch, a
single row will be returned, with a single column named "count" whose
value is the number of rows from the pre-aggregation resultset.
Currently, COUNT is the only function supported by CQL.
"""
def help_alter_drop(self):
print """
ALTER TABLE: dropping a typed column
ALTER TABLE addamsFamily DROP gender;
An ALTER TABLE ... DROP statement removes the type of a column
from the column family metadata. Dropped columns will immediately
become unavailable in the queries and will not be included in
compacted sstables in the future. If a column is readded, queries
won't return values written before the column was last dropped.
It is assumed that timestamps represent actual time, so if this
is not your case, you should NOT readd previously dropped columns.
Columns can't be dropped from tables defined with COMPACT STORAGE.
"""
def help_create(self):
super(CQL3HelpTopics, self).help_create()
print " HELP CREATE_USER;\n"
def help_alter(self):
print """
ALTER TABLE <tablename> ALTER <columnname> TYPE <type>;
ALTER TABLE <tablename> ADD <columnname> <type>;
ALTER TABLE <tablename> RENAME <columnname> TO <columnname>
[AND <columnname> TO <columnname>]
ALTER TABLE <tablename> WITH <optionname> = <val> [AND <optionname> = <val> [...]];
An ALTER statement is used to manipulate table metadata. It allows you
to add new typed columns, drop existing columns, change the data
storage type of existing columns, or change table properties.
No results are returned.
See one of the following for more information:
HELP ALTER_ALTER;
HELP ALTER_ADD;
HELP ALTER_DROP;
HELP ALTER_RENAME;
HELP ALTER_WITH;
"""
def help_alter_rename(self):
print """
ALTER TABLE: renaming a column
ALTER TABLE <tablename> RENAME <columnname> TO <columnname>
[AND <columnname> TO <columnname>]
The ALTER TABLE ... RENAME variant renames a typed column in a column
family.
"""
def help_drop(self):
super(CQL3HelpTopics, self).help_drop()
print " HELP DROP_USER;\n"
def help_list(self):
print """
There are different variants of LIST. For more information, see
one of the following:
HELP LIST_USERS;
HELP LIST_PERMISSIONS;
"""
def help_create_user(self):
print """
CREATE USER <username> [WITH PASSWORD 'password'] [NOSUPERUSER | SUPERUSER];
CREATE USER creates a new Cassandra user account.
Only superusers can issue CREATE USER requests.
To create a superuser account use SUPERUSER option (NOSUPERUSER is the default).
WITH PASSWORD clause should only be used with password-based authenticators,
e.g. PasswordAuthenticator, SimpleAuthenticator.
"""
def help_alter_user(self):
print """
ALTER USER <username> [WITH PASSWORD 'password'] [NOSUPERUSER | SUPERUSER];
Use ALTER USER to change a user's superuser status and/or password (only
with password-based authenticators).
Superusers can change a user's password or superuser status (except their own).
Users cannot change their own superuser status. Ordinary users can only change their
password (if the configured authenticator is password-based).
"""
def help_drop_user(self):
print """
DROP USER <username>;
DROP USER removes an existing user. You have to be logged in as a superuser
to issue a DROP USER statement. A user cannot drop themselves.
"""
def help_list_users(self):
print """
LIST USERS;
List existing users and their superuser status.
"""
def help_grant(self):
print """
GRANT (<permission> [PERMISSION] | ALL [PERMISSIONS])
ON ALL KEYSPACES
| KEYSPACE <keyspace>
| [TABLE] [<keyspace>.]<table>
TO <username>
Grant the specified permission (or all permissions) on a resource
to a user.
To be able to grant a permission on some resource you have to
have that permission yourself and also AUTHORIZE permission on it,
or on one of its parent resources.
See HELP PERMISSIONS for more info on the available permissions.
"""
def help_revoke(self):
print """
REVOKE (<permission> [PERMISSION] | ALL [PERMISSIONS])
ON ALL KEYSPACES
| KEYSPACE <keyspace>
| [TABLE] [<keyspace>.]<table>
FROM <username>
Revokes the specified permission (or all permissions) on a resource
from a user.
To be able to revoke a permission on some resource you have to
have that permission yourself and also AUTHORIZE permission on it,
or on one of its parent resources.
See HELP PERMISSIONS for more info on the available permissions.
"""
def help_list_permissions(self):
print """
LIST (<permission> [PERMISSION] | ALL [PERMISSIONS])
[ON ALL KEYSPACES
| KEYSPACE <keyspace>
| [TABLE] [<keyspace>.]<table>]
[OF <username>]
[NORECURSIVE]
Omitting ON <resource> part will list permissions on ALL KEYSPACES,
every keyspace and table.
Omitting OF <username> part will list permissions of all users.
Omitting NORECURSIVE specifier will list permissions of the resource
and all its parents (table, table's keyspace and ALL KEYSPACES).
See HELP PERMISSIONS for more info on the available permissions.
"""
def help_permissions(self):
print """
PERMISSIONS
Cassandra has 6 permissions:
ALTER: required for ALTER KEYSPCE, ALTER TABLE, CREATE INDEX, DROP INDEX
AUTHORIZE: required for GRANT, REVOKE
CREATE: required for CREATE KEYSPACE, CREATE TABLE
DROP: required for DROP KEYSPACE, DROP TABLE
MODIFY: required for INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE, TRUNCATE
SELECT: required for SELECT
"""
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