/*
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package io.prestosql.tests;

import com.google.common.collect.ArrayListMultimap;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMultimap;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
import com.google.common.collect.Multimap;
import com.google.common.collect.Multimaps;
import com.google.common.collect.Ordering;
import io.airlift.tpch.TpchTable;
import io.prestosql.Session;
import io.prestosql.SystemSessionProperties;
import io.prestosql.metadata.FunctionListBuilder;
import io.prestosql.spi.function.SqlFunction;
import io.prestosql.spi.session.PropertyMetadata;
import io.prestosql.spi.type.SqlTimestampWithTimeZone;
import io.prestosql.sql.analyzer.SemanticException;
import io.prestosql.testing.MaterializedResult;
import io.prestosql.testing.MaterializedRow;
import io.prestosql.type.SqlIntervalDayTime;
import io.prestosql.type.SqlIntervalYearMonth;
import org.apache.commons.math3.stat.descriptive.DescriptiveStatistics;
import org.intellij.lang.annotations.Language;
import org.testng.annotations.DataProvider;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;

import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;

import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList.toImmutableList;
import static com.google.common.collect.Iterables.getOnlyElement;
import static com.google.common.collect.Iterables.transform;
import static io.prestosql.connector.informationschema.InformationSchemaMetadata.INFORMATION_SCHEMA;
import static io.prestosql.operator.scalar.ApplyFunction.APPLY_FUNCTION;
import static io.prestosql.operator.scalar.InvokeFunction.INVOKE_FUNCTION;
import static io.prestosql.spi.type.BigintType.BIGINT;
import static io.prestosql.spi.type.BooleanType.BOOLEAN;
import static io.prestosql.spi.type.DecimalType.createDecimalType;
import static io.prestosql.spi.type.DoubleType.DOUBLE;
import static io.prestosql.spi.type.UnknownType.UNKNOWN;
import static io.prestosql.spi.type.VarcharType.VARCHAR;
import static io.prestosql.sql.analyzer.SemanticErrorCode.INVALID_PARAMETER_USAGE;
import static io.prestosql.sql.analyzer.SemanticErrorCode.MUST_BE_AGGREGATE_OR_GROUP_BY;
import static io.prestosql.sql.tree.ExplainType.Type.DISTRIBUTED;
import static io.prestosql.sql.tree.ExplainType.Type.IO;
import static io.prestosql.sql.tree.ExplainType.Type.LOGICAL;
import static io.prestosql.testing.MaterializedResult.resultBuilder;
import static io.prestosql.testing.TestingAccessControlManager.TestingPrivilegeType.CREATE_TABLE;
import static io.prestosql.testing.TestingAccessControlManager.TestingPrivilegeType.DELETE_TABLE;
import static io.prestosql.testing.TestingAccessControlManager.TestingPrivilegeType.INSERT_TABLE;
import static io.prestosql.testing.TestingAccessControlManager.TestingPrivilegeType.SELECT_COLUMN;
import static io.prestosql.testing.TestingAccessControlManager.privilege;
import static io.prestosql.testing.TestingSession.TESTING_CATALOG;
import static io.prestosql.testing.TestngUtils.toDataProvider;
import static io.prestosql.testing.assertions.Assert.assertEquals;
import static io.prestosql.tests.QueryAssertions.assertContains;
import static io.prestosql.tests.QueryAssertions.assertEqualsIgnoreOrder;
import static io.prestosql.tests.QueryTemplate.parameter;
import static io.prestosql.tests.QueryTemplate.queryTemplate;
import static io.prestosql.tests.StatefulSleepingSum.STATEFUL_SLEEPING_SUM;
import static java.lang.String.format;
import static java.util.stream.Collectors.joining;
import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toList;
import static java.util.stream.IntStream.range;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
import static org.testng.Assert.assertFalse;
import static org.testng.Assert.assertNotEquals;
import static org.testng.Assert.assertTrue;
import static org.testng.Assert.fail;

public abstract class AbstractTestQueries
        extends AbstractTestQueryFramework
{
    // We can just use the default type registry, since we don't use any parametric types
    protected static final List<SqlFunction> CUSTOM_FUNCTIONS = new FunctionListBuilder()
            .aggregates(CustomSum.class)
            .window(CustomRank.class)
            .scalars(CustomAdd.class)
            .scalars(CreateHll.class)
            .functions(APPLY_FUNCTION, INVOKE_FUNCTION, STATEFUL_SLEEPING_SUM)
            .getFunctions();

    public static final List<PropertyMetadata<?>> TEST_SYSTEM_PROPERTIES = ImmutableList.of(
            PropertyMetadata.stringProperty(
                    "test_string",
                    "test string property",
                    "test default",
                    false),
            PropertyMetadata.longProperty(
                    "test_long",
                    "test long property",
                    42L,
                    false));
    public static final List<PropertyMetadata<?>> TEST_CATALOG_PROPERTIES = ImmutableList.of(
            PropertyMetadata.stringProperty(
                    "connector_string",
                    "connector string property",
                    "connector default",
                    false),
            PropertyMetadata.longProperty(
                    "connector_long",
                    "connector long property",
                    33L,
                    false),
            PropertyMetadata.booleanProperty(
                    "connector_boolean",
                    "connector boolean property",
                    true,
                    false),
            PropertyMetadata.doubleProperty(
                    "connector_double",
                    "connector double property",
                    99.0,
                    false));

    private static final DateTimeFormatter ZONED_DATE_TIME_FORMAT = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(SqlTimestampWithTimeZone.JSON_FORMAT);

    private static final String UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG = "line .*: Given correlated subquery is not supported";

    protected AbstractTestQueries(QueryRunnerSupplier supplier)
    {
        super(supplier);
    }

    @Test
    public void testParsingError()
    {
        assertQueryFails("SELECT foo FROM", "line 1:16: mismatched input '<EOF>'. Expecting: .*");
    }

    @Test
    public void selectLargeInterval()
    {
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("SELECT INTERVAL '30' DAY");
        assertEquals(result.getRowCount(), 1);
        assertEquals(result.getMaterializedRows().get(0).getField(0), new SqlIntervalDayTime(30, 0, 0, 0, 0));

        result = computeActual("SELECT INTERVAL '" + Short.MAX_VALUE + "' YEAR");
        assertEquals(result.getRowCount(), 1);
        assertEquals(result.getMaterializedRows().get(0).getField(0), new SqlIntervalYearMonth(Short.MAX_VALUE, 0));
    }

    @Test
    public void selectNull()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT NULL");
    }

    @Test
    public void testAggregationOverUnknown()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT clerk, min(totalprice), max(totalprice), min(nullvalue), max(nullvalue) " +
                "FROM (SELECT clerk, totalprice, null AS nullvalue FROM orders) " +
                "GROUP BY clerk");
    }

    @Test
    public void testLimitIntMax()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey FROM orders LIMIT " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
    }

    @Test
    public void testNonDeterministic()
    {
        MaterializedResult materializedResult = computeActual("SELECT rand() FROM orders LIMIT 10");
        long distinctCount = materializedResult.getMaterializedRows().stream()
                .map(row -> row.getField(0))
                .distinct()
                .count();
        assertTrue(distinctCount >= 8, "rand() must produce different rows");

        materializedResult = computeActual("SELECT apply(1, x -> x + rand()) FROM orders LIMIT 10");
        distinctCount = materializedResult.getMaterializedRows().stream()
                .map(row -> row.getField(0))
                .distinct()
                .count();
        assertTrue(distinctCount >= 8, "rand() must produce different rows");
    }

    @Test
    public void testLambdaCapture()
    {
        // Test for lambda expression without capture can be found in TestLambdaExpression

        assertQuery("SELECT apply(0, x -> x + c1) FROM (VALUES 1) t(c1)", "VALUES 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(0, x -> x + t.c1) FROM (VALUES 1) t(c1)", "VALUES 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(c1, x -> x + c2) FROM (VALUES (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)) t(c1, c2)", "VALUES 3, 7, 11");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(c1 + 10, x -> apply(x + 100, y -> c1)) FROM (VALUES 1) t(c1)", "VALUES 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(c1 + 10, x -> apply(x + 100, y -> t.c1)) FROM (VALUES 1) t(c1)", "VALUES 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(CAST(ROW(10) AS ROW(x INTEGER)), r -> r.x)", "VALUES 10");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(CAST(ROW(10) AS ROW(x INTEGER)), r -> r.x) FROM (VALUES 1) u(x)", "VALUES 10");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(CAST(ROW(10) AS ROW(x INTEGER)), r -> r.x) FROM (VALUES 1) r(x)", "VALUES 10");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(CAST(ROW(10) AS ROW(x INTEGER)), r -> apply(3, y -> y + r.x)) FROM (VALUES 1) u(x)", "VALUES 13");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(CAST(ROW(10) AS ROW(x INTEGER)), r -> apply(3, y -> y + r.x)) FROM (VALUES 1) r(x)", "VALUES 13");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(CAST(ROW(10) AS ROW(x INTEGER)), r -> apply(3, y -> y + r.x)) FROM (VALUES 'a') r(x)", "VALUES 13");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(CAST(ROW(10) AS ROW(x INTEGER)), z -> apply(3, y -> y + r.x)) FROM (VALUES 1) r(x)", "VALUES 4");

        // reference lambda variable of the not-immediately-enclosing lambda
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(1, x -> apply(10, y -> x)) FROM (VALUES 1000) t(x)", "VALUES 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(1, x -> apply(10, y -> x)) FROM (VALUES 'abc') t(x)", "VALUES 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(1, x -> apply(10, y -> apply(100, z -> x))) FROM (VALUES 1000) t(x)", "VALUES 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(1, x -> apply(10, y -> apply(100, z -> x))) FROM (VALUES 'abc') t(x)", "VALUES 1");

        // in join post-filter
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM (VALUES true) t(x) left JOIN (VALUES 1001) t2(y) ON (apply(false, z -> apply(false, y -> x)))", "SELECT true, 1001");
    }

    @Test
    public void testLambdaInAggregationContext()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(sum(x), i -> i * i) FROM (VALUES 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) t(x)", "SELECT 225");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(x, i -> i - 1), sum(y) FROM (VALUES (1, 10), (1, 20), (2, 50)) t(x,y) GROUP BY x", "VALUES (0, 30), (1, 50)");
        assertQuery("SELECT x, apply(sum(y), i -> i * 10) FROM (VALUES (1, 10), (1, 20), (2, 50)) t(x,y) GROUP BY x", "VALUES (1, 300), (2, 500)");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(8, x -> x + 1) FROM (VALUES (1, 2)) t(x,y) GROUP BY y", "SELECT 9");

        assertQuery("SELECT apply(CAST(ROW(1) AS ROW(someField BIGINT)), x -> x.someField) FROM (VALUES (1,2)) t(x,y) GROUP BY y", "SELECT 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(sum(x), x -> x * x) FROM (VALUES 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) t(x)", "SELECT 225");
        // nested lambda expression uses the same variable name
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(sum(x), x -> apply(x, x -> x * x)) FROM (VALUES 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) t(x)", "SELECT 225");
    }

    @Test
    public void testLambdaInSubqueryContext()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(x, i -> i * i) FROM (SELECT 10 x)", "SELECT 100");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply((SELECT 10), i -> i * i)", "SELECT 100");

        // with capture
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(x, i -> i * x) FROM (SELECT 10 x)", "SELECT 100");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(x, y -> y * x) FROM (SELECT 10 x, 3 y)", "SELECT 100");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(x, z -> y * x) FROM (SELECT 10 x, 3 y)", "SELECT 30");
    }

    @Test
    public void testLambdaInValuesAndUnnest()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM UNNEST(transform(sequence(1, 5), x -> x * x))", "SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1, 4, 9, 16, 25)");
        assertQuery("SELECT x[5] FROM (VALUES transform(sequence(1, 5), x -> x * x)) t(x)", "SELECT 25");
    }

    @Test
    public void testTryLambdaRepeated()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT x + x FROM (SELECT apply(a, i -> i * i) x FROM (VALUES 3) t(a))", "SELECT 18");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(a, i -> i * i) + apply(a, i -> i * i) FROM (VALUES 3) t(a)", "SELECT 18");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(a, i -> i * i), apply(a, i -> i * i) FROM (VALUES 3) t(a)", "SELECT 9, 9");
        assertQuery("SELECT try(10 / a) + try(10 / a) FROM (VALUES 5) t(a)", "SELECT 4");
        assertQuery("SELECT try(10 / a), try(10 / a) FROM (VALUES 5) t(a)", "SELECT 2, 2");
    }

    @Test
    public void testNonDeterministicFilter()
    {
        MaterializedResult materializedResult = computeActual("SELECT u FROM ( SELECT if(rand() > 0.5, 0, 1) AS u ) WHERE u <> u");
        assertEquals(materializedResult.getRowCount(), 0);

        materializedResult = computeActual("SELECT u, v FROM ( SELECT if(rand() > 0.5, 0, 1) AS u, 4*4 AS v ) WHERE u <> u and v > 10");
        assertEquals(materializedResult.getRowCount(), 0);

        materializedResult = computeActual("SELECT u, v, w FROM ( SELECT if(rand() > 0.5, 0, 1) AS u, 4*4 AS v, 'abc' AS w ) WHERE v > 10");
        assertEquals(materializedResult.getRowCount(), 1);
    }

    @Test
    public void testNonDeterministicProjection()
    {
        MaterializedResult materializedResult = computeActual("SELECT r, r + 1 FROM (SELECT rand(100) r FROM orders) LIMIT 10");
        assertEquals(materializedResult.getRowCount(), 10);
        for (MaterializedRow materializedRow : materializedResult) {
            assertEquals(materializedRow.getFieldCount(), 2);
            assertEquals(((Number) materializedRow.getField(0)).intValue() + 1, materializedRow.getField(1));
        }
    }

    @Test
    public void testMapSubscript()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT map(array[1], array['aa'])[1]", "SELECT 'aa'");
        assertQuery("SELECT map(array['a'], array['aa'])['a']", "SELECT 'aa'");
        assertQuery("SELECT map(array[array[1,1]], array['a'])[array[1,1]]", "SELECT 'a'");
        assertQuery("SELECT map(array[(1,2)], array['a'])[(1,2)]", "SELECT 'a'");
    }

    @Test
    public void testRowSubscript()
    {
        // Subscript on Row with unnamed fields
        assertQuery("SELECT ROW (1, 'a', true)[2]", "SELECT 'a'");
        assertQuery("SELECT r[2] FROM (VALUES (ROW (ROW (1, 'a', true)))) AS v(r)", "SELECT 'a'");
        assertQuery("SELECT r[1], r[2] FROM (SELECT ROW (name, regionkey) FROM nation ORDER BY name LIMIT 1) t(r)", "VALUES ('ALGERIA', 0)");

        // Subscript on Row with named fields
        assertQuery("SELECT (CAST (ROW (1, 'a', 2 ) AS ROW (field1 bigint, field2 varchar(1), field3 bigint)))[2]", "SELECT 'a'");

        // Subscript on nested Row
        assertQuery("SELECT ROW (1, 'a', ROW (false, 2, 'b'))[3][3]", "SELECT 'b'");

        // Row subscript in filter condition
        assertQuery("SELECT orderstatus FROM orders WHERE ROW (orderkey, custkey)[1] = 100", "SELECT 'O'");

        // Row subscript in join condition
        assertQuery("SELECT n.name, r.name FROM nation n JOIN region r ON ROW (n.name, n.regionkey)[2] = ROW (r.name, r.regionkey)[2] ORDER BY n.name LIMIT 1", "VALUES ('ALGERIA', 'AFRICA')");
    }

    @Test
    public void testVarbinary()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT LENGTH(x) FROM (SELECT from_base64('gw==') AS x)", "SELECT 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT LENGTH(from_base64('gw=='))", "SELECT 1");
    }

    @Test
    public void testRowFieldAccessor()
    {
        //Dereference only
        assertQuery("SELECT a.col0 FROM (VALUES ROW (CAST(ROW(1, 2) AS ROW(col0 integer, col1 integer)))) AS t (a)", "SELECT 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT a.col0 FROM (VALUES ROW (CAST(ROW(1.0E0, 2.0E0) AS ROW(col0 integer, col1 integer)))) AS t (a)", "SELECT 1.0");
        assertQuery("SELECT a.col0 FROM (VALUES ROW (CAST(ROW(TRUE, FALSE) AS ROW(col0 boolean, col1 boolean)))) AS t (a)", "SELECT TRUE");
        assertQuery("SELECT a.col1 FROM (VALUES ROW (CAST(ROW(1.0, 'kittens') AS ROW(col0 varchar, col1 varchar)))) AS t (a)", "SELECT 'kittens'");
        assertQuery("SELECT a.col2.col1 FROM (VALUES ROW(CAST(ROW(1.0, ARRAY[2], row(3, 4.0)) AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(int), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double))))) t(a)", "SELECT 4.0");

        // mixture of row field reference and table field reference
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(row(1, t.x) AS row(col0 bigint, col1 bigint)).col1 FROM (VALUES 1, 2, 3) t(x)", "SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1, 2, 3)");
        assertQuery("SELECT Y.col1 FROM (SELECT CAST(row(1, t.x) AS row(col0 bigint, col1 bigint)) AS Y FROM (VALUES 1, 2, 3) t(x)) test_t", "SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1, 2, 3)");

        // Subscript + Dereference
        assertQuery("SELECT a.col1[2] FROM (VALUES ROW(CAST(ROW(1.0, ARRAY[22, 33, 44, 55], row(3, 4.0E0)) AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(integer), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double))))) t(a)", "SELECT 33");
        assertQuery("SELECT a.col1[2].col0, a.col1[2].col1 FROM (VALUES ROW(cast(row(1.0, ARRAY[row(31, 4.1E0), row(32, 4.2E0)], row(3, 4.0E0)) AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(row(col0 integer, col1 double)), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double))))) t(a)", "SELECT 32, 4.2");

        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(row(11, 12) AS row(col0 bigint, col1 bigint)).col0", "SELECT 11");
    }

    @Test
    public void testRowFieldAccessorInAggregate()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT a.col0, SUM(a.col1[2]), SUM(a.col2.col0), SUM(a.col2.col1) FROM " +
                        "(VALUES " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(1.0, ARRAY[2, 13, 4], row(11, 4.1E0))   AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(integer), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(2.0, ARRAY[2, 23, 4], row(12, 14.0E0))  AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(integer), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(1.0, ARRAY[22, 33, 44], row(13, 5.0E0)) AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(integer), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double))))) t(a) " +
                        "GROUP BY a.col0",
                "SELECT * FROM VALUES (1.0, 46, 24, 9.1), (2.0, 23, 12, 14.0)");

        assertQuery("SELECT a.col2.col0, SUM(a.col0), SUM(a.col1[2]), SUM(a.col2.col1) FROM " +
                        "(VALUES " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(1.0, ARRAY[2, 13, 4], row(11, 4.1E0))   AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(integer), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(2.0, ARRAY[2, 23, 4], row(11, 14.0E0))  AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(integer), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(7.0, ARRAY[22, 33, 44], row(13, 5.0E0)) AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(integer), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double))))) t(a) " +
                        "GROUP BY a.col2.col0",
                "SELECT * FROM VALUES (11, 3.0, 36, 18.1), (13, 7.0, 33, 5.0)");

        assertQuery("SELECT a.col1[1].col0, SUM(a.col0), SUM(a.col1[1].col1), SUM(a.col1[2].col0), SUM(a.col2.col1) FROM " +
                        "(VALUES " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(1.0, ARRAY[row(31, 4.5E0), row(12, 4.2E0)], row(3, 4.0E0)) AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(row(col0 integer, col1 double)), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(3.1, ARRAY[row(41, 3.1E0), row(32, 4.2E0)], row(6, 6.0E0)) AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(row(col0 integer, col1 double)), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(2.2, ARRAY[row(31, 4.2E0), row(22, 4.2E0)], row(5, 4.0E0)) AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(row(col0 integer, col1 double)), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double))))) t(a) " +
                        "GROUP BY a.col1[1].col0",
                "SELECT * FROM VALUES (31, 3.2, 8.7, 34, 8.0), (41, 3.1, 3.1, 32, 6.0)");

        assertQuery("SELECT a.col1[1].col0, SUM(a.col0), SUM(a.col1[1].col1), SUM(a.col1[2].col0), SUM(a.col2.col1) FROM " +
                        "(VALUES " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(2.2, ARRAY[row(31, 4.2E0), row(22, 4.2E0)], row(5, 4.0E0)) AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(row(col0 integer, col1 double)), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(1.0, ARRAY[row(31, 4.5E0), row(12, 4.2E0)], row(3, 4.1E0)) AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(row(col0 integer, col1 double)), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(3.1, ARRAY[row(41, 3.1E0), row(32, 4.2E0)], row(6, 6.0E0)) AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(row(col0 integer, col1 double)), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(3.3, ARRAY[row(41, 3.1E0), row(32, 4.2E0)], row(6, 6.0E0)) AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(row(col0 integer, col1 double)), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))) " +
                        ") t(a) " +
                        "GROUP BY a.col1[1]",
                "SELECT * FROM VALUES (31, 2.2, 4.2, 22, 4.0), (31, 1.0, 4.5, 12, 4.1), (41, 6.4, 6.2, 64, 12.0)");

        assertQuery("SELECT a.col1[2], SUM(a.col0), SUM(a.col1[1]), SUM(a.col2.col1) FROM " +
                        "(VALUES " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(1.0, ARRAY[2, 13, 4], row(11, 4.1E0))   AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(integer), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(2.0, ARRAY[2, 13, 4], row(12, 14.0E0))  AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(integer), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(7.0, ARRAY[22, 33, 44], row(13, 5.0E0)) AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(integer), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double))))) t(a) " +
                        "GROUP BY a.col1[2]",
                "SELECT * FROM VALUES (13, 3.0, 4, 18.1), (33, 7.0, 22, 5.0)");

        assertQuery("SELECT a.col2.col0, SUM(a.col2.col1) FROM " +
                        "(VALUES " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(2.2, ARRAY[row(31, 4.2E0), row(22, 4.2E0)], row(5, 4.0E0)) AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(row(col0 integer, col1 double)), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(1.0, ARRAY[row(31, 4.5E0), row(12, 4.2E0)], row(3, 4.1E0)) AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(row(col0 integer, col1 double)), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(3.1, ARRAY[row(41, 3.1E0), row(32, 4.2E0)], row(6, 6.0E0)) AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(row(col0 integer, col1 double)), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(3.3, ARRAY[row(41, 3.1E0), row(32, 4.2E0)], row(6, 6.0E0)) AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(row(col0 integer, col1 double)), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))) " +
                        ") t(a) " +
                        "GROUP BY a.col2",
                "SELECT * FROM VALUES (5, 4.0), (3, 4.1), (6, 12.0)");

        assertQuery("SELECT a.col2.col0, a.col0, SUM(a.col2.col1) FROM " +
                        "(VALUES " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(1.0, ARRAY[2, 13, 4], row(11, 4.1E0))   AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(integer), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(2.0, ARRAY[2, 23, 4], row(11, 14.0E0))  AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(integer), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(1.5, ARRAY[2, 13, 4], row(11, 4.1E0))   AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(integer), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(1.5, ARRAY[2, 13, 4], row(11, 4.1E0))   AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(integer), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double)))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(7.0, ARRAY[22, 33, 44], row(13, 5.0E0)) AS ROW(col0 double, col1 array(integer), col2 row(col0 integer, col1 double))))) t(a) " +
                        "WHERE a.col1[2] < 30 " +
                        "GROUP BY 1, 2 ORDER BY 1",
                "SELECT * FROM VALUES (11, 1.0, 4.1), (11, 1.5, 8.2), (11, 2.0, 14.0)");

        assertQuery("SELECT a[1].col0, COUNT(1) FROM " +
                        "(VALUES " +
                        "(ROW(CAST(ARRAY[row(31, 4.2E0), row(22, 4.2E0)] AS ARRAY(ROW(col0 integer, col1 double))))), " +
                        "(ROW(CAST(ARRAY[row(31, 4.5E0), row(12, 4.2E0)] AS ARRAY(ROW(col0 integer, col1 double))))), " +
                        "(ROW(CAST(ARRAY[row(41, 3.1E0), row(32, 4.2E0)] AS ARRAY(ROW(col0 integer, col1 double))))), " +
                        "(ROW(CAST(ARRAY[row(31, 3.1E0), row(32, 4.2E0)] AS ARRAY(ROW(col0 integer, col1 double))))) " +
                        ") t(a) " +
                        "GROUP BY 1 " +
                        "ORDER BY 2 DESC",
                "SELECT * FROM VALUES (31, 3), (41, 1)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testRowFieldAccessorInJoin()
    {
        assertQuery("" +
                        "SELECT t.a.col1, custkey, orderkey FROM " +
                        "(VALUES " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(1, 11) AS ROW(col0 integer, col1 integer))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(2, 22) AS ROW(col0 integer, col1 integer))), " +
                        "ROW(CAST(ROW(3, 33) AS ROW(col0 integer, col1 integer)))) t(a) " +
                        "INNER JOIN orders " +
                        "ON t.a.col0 = orders.orderkey",
                "SELECT * FROM VALUES (11, 370, 1), (22, 781, 2), (33, 1234, 3)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testRowCast()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(row(1, 2) AS row(aa bigint, bb boolean)).aa", "SELECT 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(row(1, 2) AS row(aa bigint, bb boolean)).bb", "SELECT true");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(row(1, 2) AS row(aa bigint, bb varchar)).bb", "SELECT '2'");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(row(true, array[0, 2]) AS row(aa boolean, bb array(boolean))).bb[1]", "SELECT false");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(row(0.1, array[0, 2], row(1, 0.5)) AS row(aa bigint, bb array(boolean), cc row(dd varchar, ee varchar))).cc.ee", "SELECT '0.5'");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(array[row(0.1, array[0, 2], row(1, 0.5))] AS array<row(aa bigint, bb array(boolean), cc row(dd varchar, ee varchar))>)[1].cc.ee", "SELECT '0.5'");
    }

    @Test
    public void testDereferenceInSubquery()
    {
        assertQuery("" +
                        "SELECT x " +
                        "FROM (" +
                        "   SELECT a.x" +
                        "   FROM (VALUES 1, 2, 3) a(x)" +
                        ") " +
                        "GROUP BY x",
                "SELECT * FROM VALUES 1, 2, 3");

        assertQuery("" +
                        "SELECT t2.*, max(t1.b) AS max_b " +
                        "FROM (VALUES (1, 'a'),  (2, 'b'), (1, 'c'), (3, 'd')) t1(a, b) " +
                        "INNER JOIN " +
                        "(VALUES 1, 2, 3, 4) t2(a) " +
                        "ON t1.a = t2.a " +
                        "GROUP BY t2.a",
                "SELECT * FROM VALUES (1, 'c'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'd')");

        assertQuery("" +
                        "SELECT t2.*, max(t1.b1) AS max_b1 " +
                        "FROM (VALUES (1, 'a'),  (2, 'b'), (1, 'c'), (3, 'd')) t1(a1, b1) " +
                        "INNER JOIN " +
                        "(VALUES (1, 11, 111), (2, 22, 222), (3, 33, 333), (4, 44, 444)) t2(a2, b2, c2) " +
                        "ON t1.a1 = t2.a2 " +
                        "GROUP BY t2.a2, t2.b2, t2.c2",
                "SELECT * FROM VALUES (1, 11, 111, 'c'), (2, 22, 222, 'b'), (3, 33, 333, 'd')");

        assertQuery("" +
                "SELECT custkey, orders2 " +
                "FROM (" +
                "   SELECT x.custkey, SUM(x.orders) + 1 orders2 " +
                "   FROM ( " +
                "      SELECT x.custkey, COUNT(x.orderkey) orders " +
                "      FROM orders x " +
                "      WHERE x.custkey < 100 " +
                "      GROUP BY x.custkey " +
                "   ) x " +
                "   GROUP BY x.custkey" +
                ") " +
                "ORDER BY custkey");
    }

    @Test
    public void testDereferenceInFunctionCall()
    {
        assertQuery("" +
                "SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT custkey) " +
                "FROM ( " +
                "  SELECT x.custkey " +
                "  FROM orders x " +
                "  WHERE custkey < 100 " +
                ") t");
    }

    @Test
    public void testDereferenceInComparison()
    {
        assertQuery("" +
                "SELECT orders.custkey, orders.orderkey " +
                "FROM orders " +
                "WHERE orders.custkey > orders.orderkey AND orders.custkey < 200.3");
    }

    @Test
    public void testMissingRowFieldInGroupBy()
    {
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT a.col0, count(*) FROM (VALUES ROW(cast(ROW(1, 1) AS ROW(col0 integer, col1 integer)))) t(a)",
                "line 1:8: 'a.col0' must be an aggregate expression or appear in GROUP BY clause");
    }

    @Test
    public void testWhereWithRowField()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT a.col0 FROM (VALUES ROW(CAST(ROW(1, 2) AS ROW(col0 integer, col1 integer)))) AS t (a) WHERE a.col0 > 0", "SELECT 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT SUM(a.col0) FROM (VALUES ROW(CAST(ROW(1, 2) AS ROW(col0 integer, col1 integer)))) AS t (a) WHERE a.col0 <= 0", "SELECT null");

        assertQuery("SELECT a.col0 FROM (VALUES ROW(CAST(ROW(1, 2) AS ROW(col0 integer, col1 integer)))) AS t (a) WHERE a.col0 < a.col1", "SELECT 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT SUM(a.col0) FROM (VALUES ROW(CAST(ROW(1, 2) AS ROW(col0 integer, col1 integer)))) AS t (a) WHERE a.col0 < a.col1", "SELECT 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT SUM(a.col0) FROM (VALUES ROW(CAST(ROW(1, 2) AS ROW(col0 integer, col1 integer)))) AS t (a) WHERE a.col0 > a.col1", "SELECT null");
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnnest()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT 1 FROM (VALUES (ARRAY[1])) AS t (a) CROSS JOIN UNNEST(a)", "SELECT 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT x[1] FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[ARRAY[1, 2, 3]]) t(x)", "SELECT 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT x[1][2] FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[ARRAY[ARRAY[1, 2, 3]]]) t(x)", "SELECT 2");
        assertQuery("SELECT x[2] FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[MAP(ARRAY[1,2], ARRAY['hello', 'hi'])]) t(x)", "SELECT 'hi'");
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[1, 2, 3])", "SELECT * FROM VALUES (1), (2), (3)");
        assertQuery("SELECT a FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[1, 2, 3]) t(a)", "SELECT * FROM VALUES (1), (2), (3)");
        assertQuery("SELECT a, b FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[1, 2], ARRAY[3, 4]) t(a, b)", "SELECT * FROM VALUES (1, 3), (2, 4)");
        assertQuery("SELECT a, b FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[1, 2, 3], ARRAY[4, 5]) t(a, b)", "SELECT * FROM VALUES (1, 4), (2, 5), (3, NULL)");
        assertQuery("SELECT a FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[1, 2, 3], ARRAY[4, 5]) t(a, b)", "SELECT * FROM VALUES 1, 2, 3");
        assertQuery("SELECT b FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[1, 2, 3], ARRAY[4, 5]) t(a, b)", "SELECT * FROM VALUES 4, 5, NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT count(*) FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[1, 2, 3], ARRAY[4, 5])", "SELECT 3");
        assertQuery("SELECT a FROM UNNEST(ARRAY['kittens', 'puppies']) t(a)", "SELECT * FROM VALUES ('kittens'), ('puppies')");
        assertQuery("" +
                        "SELECT c " +
                        "FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[1, 2, 3], ARRAY[4, 5]) t(a, b) " +
                        "CROSS JOIN (values (8), (9)) t2(c)",
                "SELECT * FROM VALUES 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9");
        assertQuery("" +
                        "SELECT a.custkey, t.e " +
                        "FROM (SELECT custkey, ARRAY[1, 2, 3] AS my_array FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 1) a " +
                        "CROSS JOIN UNNEST(my_array) t(e)",
                "SELECT * FROM (SELECT custkey FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 1) CROSS JOIN (VALUES (1), (2), (3))");
        assertQuery("" +
                        "SELECT a.custkey, t.e " +
                        "FROM (SELECT custkey, ARRAY[1, 2, 3] AS my_array FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 1) a, " +
                        "UNNEST(my_array) t(e)",
                "SELECT * FROM (SELECT custkey FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 1) CROSS JOIN (VALUES (1), (2), (3))");
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[0, 1]) CROSS JOIN UNNEST(ARRAY[0, 1]) CROSS JOIN UNNEST(ARRAY[0, 1])",
                "SELECT * FROM VALUES (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)");
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[0, 1]), UNNEST(ARRAY[0, 1]), UNNEST(ARRAY[0, 1])",
                "SELECT * FROM VALUES (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)");
        assertQuery("SELECT a, b FROM UNNEST(MAP(ARRAY[1,2], ARRAY['cat', 'dog'])) t(a, b)", "SELECT * FROM VALUES (1, 'cat'), (2, 'dog')");
        assertQuery("SELECT a, b FROM UNNEST(MAP(ARRAY[1,2], ARRAY['cat', NULL])) t(a, b)", "SELECT * FROM VALUES (1, 'cat'), (2, NULL)");

        assertQuery("SELECT 1 FROM (VALUES (ARRAY[1])) AS t (a) CROSS JOIN UNNEST(a) WITH ORDINALITY", "SELECT 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[1, 2, 3]) WITH ORDINALITY", "SELECT * FROM VALUES (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)");
        assertQuery("SELECT b FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[10, 20, 30]) WITH ORDINALITY t(a, b)", "SELECT * FROM VALUES (1), (2), (3)");
        assertQuery("SELECT a, b, c FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[10, 20, 30], ARRAY[4, 5]) WITH ORDINALITY t(a, b, c)", "SELECT * FROM VALUES (10, 4, 1), (20, 5, 2), (30, NULL, 3)");
        assertQuery("SELECT a, b FROM UNNEST(ARRAY['kittens', 'puppies']) WITH ORDINALITY t(a, b)", "SELECT * FROM VALUES ('kittens', 1), ('puppies', 2)");
        assertQuery("" +
                        "SELECT c " +
                        "FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[1, 2, 3], ARRAY[4, 5]) WITH ORDINALITY t(a, b, c) " +
                        "CROSS JOIN (values (8), (9)) t2(d)",
                "SELECT * FROM VALUES 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3");
        assertQuery("" +
                        "SELECT a.custkey, t.e, t.f " +
                        "FROM (SELECT custkey, ARRAY[10, 20, 30] AS my_array FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 1) a " +
                        "CROSS JOIN UNNEST(my_array) WITH ORDINALITY t(e, f)",
                "SELECT * FROM (SELECT custkey FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 1) CROSS JOIN (VALUES (10, 1), (20, 2), (30, 3))");
        assertQuery("" +
                        "SELECT a.custkey, t.e, t.f " +
                        "FROM (SELECT custkey, ARRAY[10, 20, 30] AS my_array FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 1) a, " +
                        "UNNEST(my_array) WITH ORDINALITY t(e, f)",
                "SELECT * FROM (SELECT custkey FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 1) CROSS JOIN (VALUES (10, 1), (20, 2), (30, 3))");

        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM orders, UNNEST(ARRAY[1])", "SELECT orders.*, 1 FROM orders");

        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT * FROM (VALUES array[2, 2]) a(x) LEFT OUTER JOIN UNNEST(x) ON true",
                "line .*: UNNEST on other than the right side of CROSS JOIN is not supported");
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT * FROM (VALUES array[2, 2]) a(x) RIGHT OUTER JOIN UNNEST(x) ON true",
                "line .*: UNNEST on other than the right side of CROSS JOIN is not supported");
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT * FROM (VALUES array[2, 2]) a(x) FULL OUTER JOIN UNNEST(x) ON true",
                "line .*: UNNEST on other than the right side of CROSS JOIN is not supported");
    }

    @Test
    public void testArrays()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT a[1] FROM (SELECT ARRAY[orderkey] AS a FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey) t", "SELECT orderkey FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT a[1 + CAST(round(rand()) AS BIGINT)] FROM (SELECT ARRAY[orderkey, orderkey] AS a FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey) t", "SELECT orderkey FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT a[1] + 1 FROM (SELECT ARRAY[orderkey] AS a FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey) t", "SELECT orderkey + 1 FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT a[1] FROM (SELECT ARRAY[orderkey + 1] AS a FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey) t", "SELECT orderkey + 1 FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT a[1][1] FROM (SELECT ARRAY[ARRAY[orderkey + 1]] AS a FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey) t", "SELECT orderkey + 1 FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT CARDINALITY(a) FROM (SELECT ARRAY[orderkey, orderkey + 1] AS a FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey) t", "SELECT 2 FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testArrayAgg()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT clerk, cardinality(array_agg(orderkey)) FROM orders GROUP BY clerk", "SELECT clerk, count(*) FROM orders GROUP BY clerk");
    }

    @Test
    public void testReduceAgg()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT x, reduce_agg(y, 1, (a, b) -> a * b, (a, b) -> a * b) " +
                        "FROM (VALUES (1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (2, 8), (2, 9), (3, 10)) AS t(x, y) " +
                        "GROUP BY x",
                "VALUES (1, 5 * 6 * 7), (2, 8 * 9), (3, 10)");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT x, reduce_agg(y, 0, (a, b) -> a + b, (a, b) -> a + b) " +
                        "FROM (VALUES (1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (2, 8), (2, 9), (3, 10)) AS t(x, y) " +
                        "GROUP BY x",
                "VALUES (1, 5 + 6 + 7), (2, 8 + 9), (3, 10)");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT x, reduce_agg(y, 1, (a, b) -> a * b, (a, b) -> a * b) " +
                        "FROM (VALUES (1, CAST(5 AS DOUBLE)), (1, 6), (1, 7), (2, 8), (2, 9), (3, 10)) AS t(x, y) " +
                        "GROUP BY x",
                "VALUES (1, CAST(5 AS DOUBLE) * 6 * 7), (2, 8 * 9), (3, 10)");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT x, reduce_agg(y, 0, (a, b) -> a + b, (a, b) -> a + b) " +
                        "FROM (VALUES (1, CAST(5 AS DOUBLE)), (1, 6), (1, 7), (2, 8), (2, 9), (3, 10)) AS t(x, y) " +
                        "GROUP BY x",
                "VALUES (1, CAST(5 AS DOUBLE) + 6 + 7), (2, 8 + 9), (3, 10)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testRows()
    {
        // Using JSON_FORMAT(CAST(_ AS JSON)) because H2 does not support ROW type
        assertQuery("SELECT JSON_FORMAT(CAST(ROW(1 + 2, CONCAT('a', 'b')) AS JSON))", "SELECT '[3,\"ab\"]'");
        assertQuery("SELECT JSON_FORMAT(CAST(ROW(a + b) AS JSON)) FROM (VALUES (1, 2)) AS t(a, b)", "SELECT '[3]'");
        assertQuery("SELECT JSON_FORMAT(CAST(ROW(1, ROW(9, a, ARRAY[], NULL), ROW(1, 2)) AS JSON)) FROM (VALUES ('a')) t(a)", "SELECT '[1,[9,\"a\",[],null],[1,2]]'");
        assertQuery("SELECT JSON_FORMAT(CAST(ROW(ROW(ROW(ROW(ROW(a, b), c), d), e), f) AS JSON)) FROM (VALUES (ROW(0, 1), 2, '3', NULL, ARRAY[5], ARRAY[])) t(a, b, c, d, e, f)",
                "SELECT '[[[[[[0,1],2],\"3\"],null],[5]],[]]'");
        assertQuery("SELECT JSON_FORMAT(CAST(ARRAY_AGG(ROW(a, b)) AS JSON)) FROM (VALUES (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)) t(a, b)", "SELECT '[[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]]'");
        assertQuery("SELECT CONTAINS(ARRAY_AGG(ROW(a, b)), ROW(1, 2)) FROM (VALUES (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)) t(a, b)", "SELECT TRUE");
        assertQuery("SELECT JSON_FORMAT(CAST(ARRAY_AGG(ROW(c, d)) AS JSON)) FROM (VALUES (ARRAY[1, 3, 5], ARRAY[2, 4, 6])) AS t(a, b) CROSS JOIN UNNEST(a, b) AS u(c, d)",
                "SELECT '[[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]]'");
        assertQuery("SELECT JSON_FORMAT(CAST(ROW(x, y, z) AS JSON)) FROM (VALUES ROW(1, NULL, '3')) t(x,y,z)", "SELECT '[1,null,\"3\"]'");
        assertQuery("SELECT JSON_FORMAT(CAST(ROW(x, y, z) AS JSON)) FROM (VALUES ROW(1, CAST(NULL AS INTEGER), '3')) t(x,y,z)", "SELECT '[1,null,\"3\"]'");
    }

    @Test
    public void testMaps()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT m[max_key] FROM (SELECT map_agg(orderkey, orderkey) m, max(orderkey) max_key FROM orders)", "SELECT max(orderkey) FROM orders");
        // Make sure that even if the map constructor throws with the NULL key the block builders are left in a consistent state
        // and the TRY() call eventually succeeds and return NULL values.
        assertQuery("SELECT JSON_FORMAT(CAST(TRY(MAP(ARRAY[NULL], ARRAY[x])) AS JSON)) FROM (VALUES 1, 2) t(x)", "SELECT * FROM (VALUES NULL, NULL)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testValues()
    {
        assertQuery("VALUES 1, 2, 3, 4");
        assertQuery("VALUES 1, 3, 2, 4 ORDER BY 1", "SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1, 3, 2, 4) ORDER BY 1");
        assertQuery("VALUES (1.1, 2, 'foo'), (sin(3.3), 2+2, 'bar')");
        assertQuery("VALUES (1.1, 2), (sin(3.3), 2+2) ORDER BY 1", "VALUES (sin(3.3), 2+2), (1.1, 2)");
        assertQuery("VALUES (1.1, 2), (sin(3.3), 2+2) LIMIT 1", "VALUES (1.1, 2)");
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM (VALUES (1.1, 2), (sin(3.3), 2+2))");
        assertQuery("SELECT 1.1 in (VALUES (1.1), (2.2))", "VALUES (TRUE)");

        assertQuery("" +
                        "WITH a AS (VALUES (1.1, 2), (sin(3.3), 2+2)) " +
                        "SELECT * FROM a",
                "VALUES (1.1, 2), (sin(3.3), 2+2)");

        // implicit coersions
        assertQuery("VALUES 1, 2.2, 3, 4.4");
        assertQuery("VALUES (1, 2), (3.3, 4.4)");
        assertQuery("VALUES true, 1.0 in (1, 2, 3)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testSpecialFloatingPointValues()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT nan(), infinity(), -infinity()");
        MaterializedRow row = getOnlyElement(actual.getMaterializedRows());
        assertEquals(row.getField(0), Double.NaN);
        assertEquals(row.getField(1), Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY);
        assertEquals(row.getField(2), Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY);
    }

    @Test
    public void testMaxMinStringWithNulls()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT custkey, MAX(NULLIF(orderstatus, 'O')), MIN(NULLIF(orderstatus, 'O')) FROM orders GROUP BY custkey");
    }

    @Test
    public void testApproxPercentile()
    {
        MaterializedResult raw = computeActual("SELECT orderstatus, orderkey, totalprice FROM orders");

        Multimap<String, Long> orderKeyByStatus = ArrayListMultimap.create();
        Multimap<String, Double> totalPriceByStatus = ArrayListMultimap.create();
        for (MaterializedRow row : raw.getMaterializedRows()) {
            orderKeyByStatus.put((String) row.getField(0), ((Number) row.getField(1)).longValue());
            totalPriceByStatus.put((String) row.getField(0), (Double) row.getField(2));
        }

        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderstatus, " +
                "   approx_percentile(orderkey, 0.5), " +
                "   approx_percentile(totalprice, 0.5)," +
                "   approx_percentile(orderkey, 2, 0.5)," +
                "   approx_percentile(totalprice, 2, 0.5)\n" +
                "FROM orders\n" +
                "GROUP BY orderstatus");

        for (MaterializedRow row : actual.getMaterializedRows()) {
            String status = (String) row.getField(0);
            Long orderKey = ((Number) row.getField(1)).longValue();
            Double totalPrice = (Double) row.getField(2);
            Long orderKeyWeighted = ((Number) row.getField(3)).longValue();
            Double totalPriceWeighted = (Double) row.getField(4);

            List<Long> orderKeys = Ordering.natural().sortedCopy(orderKeyByStatus.get(status));
            List<Double> totalPrices = Ordering.natural().sortedCopy(totalPriceByStatus.get(status));

            // verify real rank of returned value is within 1% of requested rank
            assertTrue(orderKey >= orderKeys.get((int) (0.49 * orderKeys.size())));
            assertTrue(orderKey <= orderKeys.get((int) (0.51 * orderKeys.size())));

            assertTrue(orderKeyWeighted >= orderKeys.get((int) (0.49 * orderKeys.size())));
            assertTrue(orderKeyWeighted <= orderKeys.get((int) (0.51 * orderKeys.size())));

            assertTrue(totalPrice >= totalPrices.get((int) (0.49 * totalPrices.size())));
            assertTrue(totalPrice <= totalPrices.get((int) (0.51 * totalPrices.size())));

            assertTrue(totalPriceWeighted >= totalPrices.get((int) (0.49 * totalPrices.size())));
            assertTrue(totalPriceWeighted <= totalPrices.get((int) (0.51 * totalPrices.size())));
        }
    }

    @Test
    public void testComplexQuery()
    {
        assertQueryOrdered(
                "SELECT sum(orderkey), row_number() OVER (ORDER BY orderkey) " +
                        "FROM orders " +
                        "WHERE orderkey <= 10 " +
                        "GROUP BY orderkey " +
                        "HAVING sum(orderkey) >= 3 " +
                        "ORDER BY orderkey DESC " +
                        "LIMIT 3",
                "VALUES (7, 5), (6, 4), (5, 3)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testWhereNull()
    {
        // This query is has this strange shape to force the compiler to leave a true on the stack
        // with the null flag set so if the filter method is not handling nulls correctly, this
        // query will fail
        assertQuery("SELECT custkey FROM orders WHERE custkey = custkey AND CAST(nullif(custkey, custkey) AS boolean) AND CAST(nullif(custkey, custkey) AS boolean)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testDistinctMultipleFields()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT DISTINCT custkey, orderstatus FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testArithmeticNegation()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT -custkey FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testDistinct()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT DISTINCT custkey FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testDistinctHaving()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT clerk) AS count " +
                "FROM orders " +
                "GROUP BY orderdate " +
                "HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT clerk) > 1");
    }

    @Test
    public void testDistinctLimit()
    {
        assertQuery("" +
                "SELECT DISTINCT orderstatus, custkey " +
                "FROM (SELECT orderstatus, custkey FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 10) " +
                "LIMIT 10");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT DISTINCT orderstatus, custkey FROM orders LIMIT 10)");
        assertQuery("SELECT DISTINCT custkey, orderstatus FROM orders WHERE custkey = 1268 LIMIT 2");

        assertQuery("" +
                        "SELECT DISTINCT x " +
                        "FROM (VALUES 1) t(x) JOIN (VALUES 10, 20) u(a) ON t.x < u.a " +
                        "LIMIT 100",
                "SELECT 1");
    }

    @Test
    public void testDistinctWithOrderBy()
    {
        assertQueryOrdered("SELECT DISTINCT custkey FROM orders ORDER BY custkey LIMIT 10");
    }

    @Test
    public void testDistinctWithOrderByNotInSelect()
    {
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT DISTINCT custkey FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 10",
                "line 1:1: For SELECT DISTINCT, ORDER BY expressions must appear in select list");
    }

    @Test
    public void testGroupByOrderByLimit()
    {
        assertQueryOrdered("SELECT custkey, SUM(totalprice) FROM orders GROUP BY custkey ORDER BY SUM(totalprice) DESC LIMIT 10");
    }

    @Test
    public void testLimitZero()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT custkey, totalprice FROM orders LIMIT 0");
    }

    @Test
    public void testLimitAll()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT custkey, totalprice FROM orders LIMIT ALL", "SELECT custkey, totalprice FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testOffset()
    {
        String values = "(VALUES ('A', 3), ('D', 2), ('C', 1), ('B', 4)) AS t(x, y)";

        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT x FROM " + values + " OFFSET 2 ROWS");
        MaterializedResult all = computeExpected("SELECT x FROM " + values, actual.getTypes());

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().size(), 2);
        assertNotEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().get(0), actual.getMaterializedRows().get(1));
        assertContains(all, actual);
    }

    @Test
    public void testOffsetWithFetch()
    {
        String values = "(VALUES ('A', 3), ('D', 2), ('C', 1), ('B', 4)) AS t(x, y)";

        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT x FROM " + values + " OFFSET 2 ROWS FETCH NEXT ROW ONLY");
        MaterializedResult all = computeExpected("SELECT x FROM " + values, actual.getTypes());

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().size(), 1);
        assertContains(all, actual);
    }

    @Test
    public void testOffsetWithOrderBy()
    {
        String values = "(VALUES ('A', 3), ('D', 2), ('C', 1), ('B', 4)) AS t(x, y)";

        assertQuery("SELECT x FROM " + values + " ORDER BY y OFFSET 2 ROWS", "VALUES 'A', 'B'");
        assertQuery("SELECT x FROM " + values + " ORDER BY y OFFSET 2 ROWS FETCH NEXT 1 ROW ONLY", "VALUES 'A'");
    }

    @Test
    public void testOffsetEmptyResult()
    {
        assertQueryReturnsEmptyResult("SELECT name FROM nation OFFSET 100 ROWS");
        assertQueryReturnsEmptyResult("SELECT name FROM nation ORDER BY regionkey OFFSET 100 ROWS");
        assertQueryReturnsEmptyResult("SELECT name FROM nation OFFSET 100 ROWS LIMIT 20");
        assertQueryReturnsEmptyResult("SELECT name FROM nation ORDER BY regionkey OFFSET 100 ROWS LIMIT 20");
    }

    @Test
    public void testFetchFirstWithTies()
    {
        String values = "(VALUES 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2) AS t(x)";

        assertQuery("SELECT x FROM " + values + " ORDER BY x FETCH FIRST 4 ROWS WITH TIES", "VALUES 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT x FROM " + values + " ORDER BY x FETCH FIRST ROW WITH TIES", "VALUES 0, 0, 0");
        assertQuery("SELECT x FROM " + values + " ORDER BY x FETCH FIRST 20 ROWS WITH TIES", "VALUES 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2");

        assertQuery("SELECT x FROM " + values + " ORDER BY x OFFSET 2 ROWS FETCH NEXT 2 ROWS WITH TIES", "VALUES 0, 1, 1, 1");

        assertQueryReturnsEmptyResult("SELECT x FROM " + values + " ORDER BY x OFFSET 20 ROWS FETCH NEXT 2 ROWS WITH TIES");

        assertQueryFails("SELECT x FROM " + values + " FETCH FIRST 4 ROWS WITH TIES", "line 1:58: FETCH FIRST WITH TIES clause requires ORDER BY");
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT x FROM (SELECT a FROM (VALUES 3, 2, 1, 1, 0) t(a) ORDER BY a) t1(x) FETCH FIRST 2 ROWS WITH TIES",
                "line 1:76: FETCH FIRST WITH TIES clause requires ORDER BY");

        String valuesMultiColumn = "(VALUES ('b', 0), ('b', 0), ('a', 1), ('a', 0), ('b', 1)) AS t(x, y)";

        // if ORDER BY uses multiple symbols, then TIES are resolved basing on multiple symbols too
        assertQuery("SELECT x, y FROM " + valuesMultiColumn + " ORDER BY x, y FETCH FIRST 3 ROWS WITH TIES", "VALUES ('a', 0), ('a', 1), ('b', 0), ('b', 0)");
        assertQuery("SELECT x, y FROM " + valuesMultiColumn + " ORDER BY x DESC, y FETCH FIRST ROW WITH TIES", "VALUES ('b', 0), ('b', 0)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testRepeatedAggregations()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT SUM(orderkey), SUM(orderkey) FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testRepeatedOutputs()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey a, orderkey b FROM orders WHERE orderstatus = 'F'");
    }

    @Test
    public void testRepeatedOutputs2()
    {
        // this test exposed a bug that wasn't caught by other tests that resulted in the execution engine
        // trying to read orderkey as the second field, causing a type mismatch
        assertQuery("SELECT orderdate, orderdate, orderkey FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testLimit()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT orderkey FROM orders LIMIT 10");
        MaterializedResult all = computeExpected("SELECT orderkey FROM orders", actual.getTypes());

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().size(), 10);
        assertContains(all, actual);
    }

    @Test
    public void testLimitWithAggregation()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT custkey, SUM(CAST(totalprice * 100 AS BIGINT)) FROM orders GROUP BY custkey LIMIT 10");
        MaterializedResult all = computeExpected("SELECT custkey, SUM(CAST(totalprice * 100 AS BIGINT)) FROM orders GROUP BY custkey", actual.getTypes());

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().size(), 10);
        assertContains(all, actual);
    }

    @Test
    public void testLimitInInlineView()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT orderkey FROM (SELECT orderkey FROM orders LIMIT 100) T LIMIT 10");
        MaterializedResult all = computeExpected("SELECT orderkey FROM orders", actual.getTypes());

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().size(), 10);
        assertContains(all, actual);
    }

    @Test
    public void testCountAll()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(42) FROM orders", "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(42 + 42) FROM orders", "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(null) FROM orders", "SELECT 0");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCountColumn()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(orderkey) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(orderstatus) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(orderdate) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(1) FROM orders");

        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(NULLIF(orderstatus, 'F')) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(CAST(NULL AS BIGINT)) FROM orders"); // todo: make COUNT(null) work
    }

    @Test
    public void testWildcard()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testMultipleWildcards()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT *, 123, * FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testMixedWildcards()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT *, orders.*, orderkey FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testQualifiedWildcardFromAlias()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT T.* FROM orders T");
    }

    @Test
    public void testQualifiedWildcardFromInlineView()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT T.* FROM (SELECT orderkey + custkey FROM orders) T");
    }

    @Test
    public void testQualifiedWildcard()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT orders.* FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testAverageAll()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT AVG(totalprice) FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testVariance()
    {
        // int64
        assertQuery("SELECT VAR_SAMP(custkey) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT VAR_SAMP(custkey) FROM (SELECT custkey FROM orders ORDER BY custkey LIMIT 2) T");
        assertQuery("SELECT VAR_SAMP(custkey) FROM (SELECT custkey FROM orders ORDER BY custkey LIMIT 1) T");
        assertQuery("SELECT VAR_SAMP(custkey) FROM (SELECT custkey FROM orders LIMIT 0) T");

        // double
        assertQuery("SELECT VAR_SAMP(totalprice) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT VAR_SAMP(totalprice) FROM (SELECT totalprice FROM orders ORDER BY totalprice LIMIT 2) T");
        assertQuery("SELECT VAR_SAMP(totalprice) FROM (SELECT totalprice FROM orders ORDER BY totalprice LIMIT 1) T");
        assertQuery("SELECT VAR_SAMP(totalprice) FROM (SELECT totalprice FROM orders LIMIT 0) T");
    }

    @Test
    public void testVariancePop()
    {
        // int64
        assertQuery("SELECT VAR_POP(custkey) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT VAR_POP(custkey) FROM (SELECT custkey FROM orders ORDER BY custkey LIMIT 2) T");
        assertQuery("SELECT VAR_POP(custkey) FROM (SELECT custkey FROM orders ORDER BY custkey LIMIT 1) T");
        assertQuery("SELECT VAR_POP(custkey) FROM (SELECT custkey FROM orders LIMIT 0) T");

        // double
        assertQuery("SELECT VAR_POP(totalprice) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT VAR_POP(totalprice) FROM (SELECT totalprice FROM orders ORDER BY totalprice LIMIT 2) T");
        assertQuery("SELECT VAR_POP(totalprice) FROM (SELECT totalprice FROM orders ORDER BY totalprice LIMIT 1) T");
        assertQuery("SELECT VAR_POP(totalprice) FROM (SELECT totalprice FROM orders LIMIT 0) T");
    }

    @Test
    public void testStdDev()
    {
        // int64
        assertQuery("SELECT STDDEV_SAMP(custkey) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT STDDEV_SAMP(custkey) FROM (SELECT custkey FROM orders ORDER BY custkey LIMIT 2) T");
        assertQuery("SELECT STDDEV_SAMP(custkey) FROM (SELECT custkey FROM orders ORDER BY custkey LIMIT 1) T");
        assertQuery("SELECT STDDEV_SAMP(custkey) FROM (SELECT custkey FROM orders LIMIT 0) T");

        // double
        assertQuery("SELECT STDDEV_SAMP(totalprice) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT STDDEV_SAMP(totalprice) FROM (SELECT totalprice FROM orders ORDER BY totalprice LIMIT 2) T");
        assertQuery("SELECT STDDEV_SAMP(totalprice) FROM (SELECT totalprice FROM orders ORDER BY totalprice LIMIT 1) T");
        assertQuery("SELECT STDDEV_SAMP(totalprice) FROM (SELECT totalprice FROM orders LIMIT 0) T");
    }

    @Test
    public void testStdDevPop()
    {
        // int64
        assertQuery("SELECT STDDEV_POP(custkey) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT STDDEV_POP(custkey) FROM (SELECT custkey FROM orders ORDER BY custkey LIMIT 2) T");
        assertQuery("SELECT STDDEV_POP(custkey) FROM (SELECT custkey FROM orders ORDER BY custkey LIMIT 1) T");
        assertQuery("SELECT STDDEV_POP(custkey) FROM (SELECT custkey FROM orders LIMIT 0) T");

        // double
        assertQuery("SELECT STDDEV_POP(totalprice) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT STDDEV_POP(totalprice) FROM (SELECT totalprice FROM orders ORDER BY totalprice LIMIT 2) T");
        assertQuery("SELECT STDDEV_POP(totalprice) FROM (SELECT totalprice FROM orders ORDER BY totalprice LIMIT 1) T");
        assertQuery("SELECT STDDEV_POP(totalprice) FROM (SELECT totalprice FROM orders LIMIT 0) T");
    }

    @Test
    public void testRollupOverUnion()
    {
        assertQuery("" +
                        "SELECT orderstatus, sum(orderkey)\n" +
                        "FROM (SELECT orderkey, orderstatus\n" +
                        "      FROM orders\n" +
                        "      UNION ALL\n" +
                        "      SELECT orderkey, orderstatus\n" +
                        "      FROM orders) x\n" +
                        "GROUP BY ROLLUP (orderstatus)",
                "VALUES ('P', 21470000),\n" +
                        "('O', 439774330),\n" +
                        "('F', 438500670),\n" +
                        "(NULL, 899745000)");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT regionkey, count(*) FROM (" +
                        "   SELECT regionkey FROM nation " +
                        "   UNION ALL " +
                        "   SELECT * FROM (VALUES 2, 100) t(regionkey)) " +
                        "GROUP BY ROLLUP (regionkey)",
                "SELECT * FROM (VALUES  (0, 5), (1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 5), (100, 1), (NULL, 27))");
    }

    @Test
    public void testGrouping()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT a, b AS t, sum(c), grouping(a, b) + grouping(a) " +
                        "FROM (VALUES ('h', 'j', 11), ('k', 'l', 7)) AS t (a, b, c) " +
                        "GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ( (a), (b)) " +
                        "ORDER BY grouping(b) ASC",
                "VALUES (NULL, 'j', 11, 3), (NULL, 'l', 7, 3), ('h', NULL, 11, 1), ('k', NULL, 7, 1)");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT a, sum(b), grouping(a) FROM (VALUES ('h', 11, 0), ('k', 7, 0)) AS t (a, b, c) GROUP BY GROUPING SETS (a)",
                "VALUES ('h', 11, 0), ('k', 7, 0)");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT a, b, sum(c), grouping(a, b) FROM (VALUES ('h', 'j', 11), ('k', 'l', 7) ) AS t (a, b, c) GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ( (a), (b)) HAVING grouping(a, b) > 1 ",
                "VALUES (NULL, 'j', 11, 2), (NULL, 'l', 7, 2)");

        assertQuery("SELECT a, grouping(a) * 1.0 FROM (VALUES (1) ) AS t (a) GROUP BY a",
                "VALUES (1, 0.0)");

        assertQuery("SELECT a, grouping(a), grouping(a) FROM (VALUES (1) ) AS t (a) GROUP BY a",
                "VALUES (1, 0, 0)");

        assertQuery("SELECT grouping(a) FROM (VALUES ('h', 'j', 11), ('k', 'l', 7)) AS t (a, b, c) GROUP BY GROUPING SETS (a,c), c*2",
                "VALUES (0), (1), (0), (1)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testGroupingWithFortyArguments()
    {
        // This test ensures we correctly pick the bigint implementation version of the grouping
        // function which supports up to 62 columns. Semantically it is exactly the same as
        // TestGroupingOperationFunction#testMoreThanThirtyTwoArguments. That test is a little easier to
        // understand and verify.
        String fortyLetterSequence = "aa, ab, ac, ad, ae, af, ag, ah, ai, aj, ak, al, am, an, ao, ap, aq, ar, asa, at, au, av, aw, ax, ay, az, " +
                "ba, bb, bc, bd, be, bf, bg, bh, bi, bj, bk, bl, bm, bn";
        String fortyIntegers = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, " +
                "31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40";
        // 20, 2, 13, 33, 40, 9 , 14 (corresponding indices from Left to right in the above fortyLetterSequence)
        String groupingSet1 = "at, ab, am, bg, bn, ai, an";
        // 28, 4, 5, 29, 31, 10 (corresponding indices from left to right in the above fortyLetterSequence)
        String groupingSet2 = "bb, ad, ae, bc, be, aj";
        String query = format(
                "SELECT grouping(%s) FROM (VALUES (%s)) AS t(%s) GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ((%s), (%s), (%s))",
                fortyLetterSequence,
                fortyIntegers,
                fortyLetterSequence,
                fortyLetterSequence,
                groupingSet1,
                groupingSet2);

        assertQuery(query, "VALUES (0), (822283861886), (995358664191)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testGroupingInTableSubquery()
    {
        // In addition to testing grouping() in subqueries, the following tests also
        // ensure correct behavior in the case of alternating GROUPING SETS and GROUP BY
        // clauses in the same plan. This is significant because grouping() with GROUP BY
        // works only with a special re-write that should not happen in the presence of
        // GROUPING SETS.

        // Inner query has a single GROUP BY and outer query has GROUPING SETS
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT orderkey, custkey, sum(agg_price) AS outer_sum, grouping(orderkey, custkey), g " +
                        "FROM " +
                        "    (SELECT orderkey, custkey, sum(totalprice) AS agg_price, grouping(custkey, orderkey) AS g " +
                        "        FROM orders " +
                        "        GROUP BY orderkey, custkey " +
                        "        ORDER BY agg_price ASC " +
                        "        LIMIT 5) AS t " +
                        "GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ((orderkey, custkey), g) " +
                        "ORDER BY outer_sum",
                "VALUES (35271, 334, 874.89, 0, NULL), " +
                        "       (28647, 1351, 924.33, 0, NULL), " +
                        "       (58145, 862, 929.03, 0, NULL), " +
                        "       (8354, 634, 974.04, 0, NULL), " +
                        "       (37415, 301, 986.63, 0, NULL), " +
                        "       (NULL, NULL, 4688.92, 3, 0)");

        // Inner query has GROUPING SETS and outer query has GROUP BY
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT orderkey, custkey, g, sum(agg_price) AS outer_sum, grouping(orderkey, custkey) " +
                        "FROM " +
                        "    (SELECT orderkey, custkey, sum(totalprice) AS agg_price, grouping(custkey, orderkey) AS g " +
                        "     FROM orders " +
                        "     GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ((custkey), (orderkey)) " +
                        "     ORDER BY agg_price ASC " +
                        "     LIMIT 5) AS t " +
                        "GROUP BY orderkey, custkey, g",
                "VALUES (28647, NULL, 2, 924.33, 0), " +
                        "       (8354, NULL, 2, 974.04, 0), " +
                        "       (37415, NULL, 2, 986.63, 0), " +
                        "       (58145, NULL, 2, 929.03, 0), " +
                        "       (35271, NULL, 2, 874.89, 0)");

        // Inner query has GROUPING SETS but no grouping and outer query has a simple GROUP BY
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT orderkey, custkey, sum(agg_price) AS outer_sum, grouping(orderkey, custkey) " +
                        "FROM " +
                        "   (SELECT orderkey, custkey, sum(totalprice) AS agg_price " +
                        "    FROM orders " +
                        "    GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ((custkey), (orderkey)) " +
                        "    ORDER BY agg_price ASC NULLS FIRST) AS t " +
                        "GROUP BY orderkey, custkey " +
                        "ORDER BY outer_sum ASC NULLS FIRST " +
                        "LIMIT 5",
                "VALUES (35271, NULL, 874.89, 0), " +
                        "       (28647, NULL, 924.33, 0), " +
                        "       (58145, NULL, 929.03, 0), " +
                        "       (8354,  NULL, 974.04, 0), " +
                        "       (37415, NULL, 986.63, 0)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testIntersect()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey < 7 " +
                        "INTERSECT SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey > 21");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey < 7 " +
                        "INTERSECT DISTINCT SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey > 21",
                "VALUES 1, 3");
        assertQuery(
                "WITH wnation AS (SELECT nationkey, regionkey FROM nation) " +
                        "SELECT regionkey FROM wnation WHERE nationkey < 7 " +
                        "INTERSECT SELECT regionkey FROM wnation WHERE nationkey > 21", "VALUES 1, 3");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT num FROM (SELECT 1 AS num FROM nation WHERE nationkey=10 " +
                        "INTERSECT SELECT 1 FROM nation WHERE nationkey=20) T");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT nationkey, nationkey / 2 FROM (SELECT nationkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey < 10 " +
                        "INTERSECT SELECT nationkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey > 4) T WHERE nationkey % 2 = 0");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT regionkey FROM (SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey < 7 " +
                        "INTERSECT SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey > 21) " +
                        "UNION SELECT 4");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT regionkey FROM (SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey < 7 " +
                        "UNION SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey > 21) " +
                        "INTERSECT SELECT 1");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT regionkey FROM (SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey < 7 " +
                        "INTERSECT SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey > 21) " +
                        "UNION ALL SELECT 3");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT regionkey FROM (SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey < 7 " +
                        "INTERSECT SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey > 21) " +
                        "UNION ALL SELECT 3");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1, 2) " +
                        "INTERSECT SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1.0, 2)",
                "VALUES 1.0, 2.0");
        assertQuery("SELECT NULL, NULL INTERSECT SELECT NULL, NULL FROM nation");

        MaterializedResult emptyResult = computeActual("SELECT 100 INTERSECT (SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey <10)");
        assertEquals(emptyResult.getMaterializedRows().size(), 0);
    }

    @Test
    public void testIntersectWithAggregation()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM nation INTERSECT SELECT COUNT(regionkey) FROM nation HAVING SUM(regionkey) IS NOT NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT SUM(nationkey), COUNT(name) FROM (SELECT nationkey,name FROM nation INTERSECT SELECT regionkey, name FROM nation) n");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) * 2 FROM nation INTERSECT (SELECT SUM(nationkey) FROM nation GROUP BY regionkey ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 2)");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(a) FROM (SELECT nationkey AS a FROM (SELECT nationkey FROM nation INTERSECT SELECT regionkey FROM nation) n1 INTERSECT SELECT regionkey FROM nation) n2");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*), SUM(2), regionkey FROM (SELECT nationkey, regionkey FROM nation INTERSECT SELECT regionkey, regionkey FROM nation) n GROUP BY regionkey");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT nationkey FROM nation INTERSECT SELECT 2) n1 INTERSECT SELECT regionkey FROM nation");
    }

    @Test
    public void testIntersectAllFails()
    {
        assertQueryFails("SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1, 2, 3, 4) INTERSECT ALL SELECT * FROM (VALUES 3, 4)", "line 1:35: INTERSECT ALL not yet implemented");
    }

    @Test
    public void testExcept()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey < 7 " +
                        "EXCEPT SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey > 21");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey < 7 " +
                        "EXCEPT DISTINCT SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey > 21",
                "VALUES 0, 4");
        assertQuery(
                "WITH wnation AS (SELECT nationkey, regionkey FROM nation) " +
                        "SELECT regionkey FROM wnation WHERE nationkey < 7 " +
                        "EXCEPT SELECT regionkey FROM wnation WHERE nationkey > 21",
                "VALUES 0, 4");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT num FROM (SELECT 1 AS num FROM nation WHERE nationkey=10 " +
                        "EXCEPT SELECT 2 FROM nation WHERE nationkey=20) T");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT nationkey, nationkey / 2 FROM (SELECT nationkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey < 10 " +
                        "EXCEPT SELECT nationkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey > 4) T WHERE nationkey % 2 = 0");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT regionkey FROM (SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey < 7 " +
                        "EXCEPT SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey > 21) " +
                        "UNION SELECT 3");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT regionkey FROM (SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey < 7 " +
                        "UNION SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey > 21) " +
                        "EXCEPT SELECT 1");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT regionkey FROM (SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey < 7 " +
                        "EXCEPT SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey > 21) " +
                        "UNION ALL SELECT 4");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1, 2) " +
                        "EXCEPT SELECT * FROM (VALUES 3.0, 2)");
        assertQuery("SELECT NULL, NULL EXCEPT SELECT NULL, NULL FROM nation");

        assertQuery(
                "(SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1) EXCEPT SELECT * FROM (VALUES 0))" +
                        "EXCEPT (SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1) EXCEPT SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1))");

        MaterializedResult emptyResult = computeActual("SELECT 0 EXCEPT (SELECT regionkey FROM nation WHERE nationkey <10)");
        assertEquals(emptyResult.getMaterializedRows().size(), 0);
    }

    @Test
    public void testExceptWithAggregation()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM nation EXCEPT SELECT COUNT(regionkey) FROM nation WHERE regionkey < 3 HAVING SUM(regionkey) IS NOT NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT SUM(nationkey), COUNT(name) FROM (SELECT nationkey, name FROM nation WHERE nationkey < 6 EXCEPT SELECT regionkey, name FROM nation) n");
        assertQuery("(SELECT SUM(nationkey) FROM nation GROUP BY regionkey ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 2) EXCEPT SELECT COUNT(*) * 2 FROM nation");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(a) FROM (SELECT nationkey AS a FROM (SELECT nationkey FROM nation EXCEPT SELECT regionkey FROM nation) n1 EXCEPT SELECT regionkey FROM nation) n2");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*), SUM(2), regionkey FROM (SELECT nationkey, regionkey FROM nation EXCEPT SELECT regionkey, regionkey FROM nation) n GROUP BY regionkey HAVING regionkey < 3");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT nationkey FROM nation EXCEPT SELECT 10) n1 EXCEPT SELECT regionkey FROM nation");
    }

    @Test
    public void testExceptAllFails()
    {
        assertQueryFails("SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1, 2, 3, 4) EXCEPT ALL SELECT * FROM (VALUES 3, 4)", "line 1:35: EXCEPT ALL not yet implemented");
    }

    @Test
    public void testSelectWithComparison()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey FROM lineitem WHERE tax < discount");
    }

    @Test
    public void testInlineView()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey, custkey FROM (SELECT orderkey, custkey FROM orders) U");
    }

    @Test
    public void testAliasedInInlineView()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT x, y FROM (SELECT orderkey x, custkey y FROM orders) U");
    }

    @Test
    public void testInlineViewWithProjections()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT x + 1, y FROM (SELECT orderkey * 10 x, custkey y FROM orders) u");
    }

    @Test
    public void testInUncorrelatedSubquery()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT CASE WHEN false THEN 1 IN (VALUES 2) END",
                "SELECT NULL");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT x FROM (VALUES 2) t(x) WHERE MAP(ARRAY[8589934592], ARRAY[x]) IN (VALUES MAP(ARRAY[8589934592],ARRAY[2]))",
                "SELECT 2");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT a IN (VALUES 2), a FROM (VALUES (2)) t(a)",
                "SELECT TRUE, 2");
    }

    @Test
    public void testChecksum()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT to_hex(checksum(0))", "SELECT '0000000000000000'");
    }

    @Test
    public void testMaxBy()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT MAX_BY(orderkey, totalprice) FROM orders", "SELECT orderkey FROM orders ORDER BY totalprice DESC LIMIT 1");
    }

    @Test
    public void testMaxByN()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT y FROM (SELECT MAX_BY(orderkey, totalprice, 2) mx FROM orders) CROSS JOIN UNNEST(mx) u(y)",
                "SELECT orderkey FROM orders ORDER BY totalprice DESC LIMIT 2");
    }

    @Test
    public void testMinBy()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT MIN_BY(orderkey, totalprice) FROM orders", "SELECT orderkey FROM orders ORDER BY totalprice ASC LIMIT 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT MIN_BY(a, ROW(b, c)) FROM (VALUES (1, 2, 3), (2, 2, 1)) AS t(a, b, c)", "SELECT 2");
    }

    @Test
    public void testMinByN()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT y FROM (SELECT MIN_BY(orderkey, totalprice, 2) mx FROM orders) CROSS JOIN UNNEST(mx) u(y)",
                "SELECT orderkey FROM orders ORDER BY totalprice ASC LIMIT 2");
    }

    @Test
    public void testHaving()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT orderstatus, sum(totalprice) FROM orders GROUP BY orderstatus HAVING orderstatus = 'O'");
    }

    @Test
    public void testHaving2()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT custkey, sum(orderkey) FROM orders GROUP BY custkey HAVING sum(orderkey) > 400000");
    }

    @Test
    public void testHaving3()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT custkey, sum(totalprice) * 2 FROM orders GROUP BY custkey");
        assertQuery("SELECT custkey, avg(totalprice + 5) FROM orders GROUP BY custkey");
        assertQuery("SELECT custkey, sum(totalprice) * 2 FROM orders GROUP BY custkey HAVING avg(totalprice + 5) > 10");
    }

    @Test
    public void testHavingWithoutGroupBy()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT sum(orderkey) FROM orders HAVING sum(orderkey) > 400000");
    }

    @Test
    public void testColumnAliases()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT x, T.y, z + 1 FROM (SELECT custkey, orderstatus, totalprice FROM orders) T (x, y, z)",
                "SELECT custkey, orderstatus, totalprice + 1 FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testRowNumberNoOptimization()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderkey, orderstatus FROM (\n" +
                "   SELECT row_number() OVER () rn, orderkey, orderstatus\n" +
                "   FROM orders\n" +
                ") WHERE NOT rn <= 10");
        MaterializedResult all = computeExpected("SELECT orderkey, orderstatus FROM orders", actual.getTypes());
        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().size(), all.getMaterializedRows().size() - 10);
        assertContains(all, actual);

        actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderkey, orderstatus FROM (\n" +
                "   SELECT row_number() OVER () rn, orderkey, orderstatus\n" +
                "   FROM orders\n" +
                ") WHERE rn - 5 <= 10");
        all = computeExpected("SELECT orderkey, orderstatus FROM orders", actual.getTypes());
        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().size(), 15);
        assertContains(all, actual);
    }

    @Test
    public void testRowNumberLimit()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY orderstatus) rn, orderstatus\n" +
                "FROM orders\n" +
                "LIMIT 10");
        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().size(), 10);

        actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY orderstatus ORDER BY orderkey) rn\n" +
                "FROM orders\n" +
                "LIMIT 10");
        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().size(), 10);

        actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT row_number() OVER () rn, orderstatus\n" +
                "FROM orders\n" +
                "LIMIT 10");
        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().size(), 10);

        actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT row_number() OVER (ORDER BY orderkey) rn\n" +
                "FROM orders\n" +
                "LIMIT 10");
        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().size(), 10);
    }

    @Test
    public void testRowNumberMultipleFilters()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT * FROM (" +
                "   SELECT a, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY a ORDER BY a) rn\n" +
                "   FROM (VALUES (1), (1), (1), (2), (2), (3)) t (a)) t " +
                "WHERE rn < 3 AND rn % 2 = 0 AND a = 2 LIMIT 2");
        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), BIGINT, BIGINT)
                .row(2, 2L)
                .build();
        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testRowNumberSpecialFilters()
    {
        // Test "row_number() = negative number" filter with ORDER BY. This should create a Window Node with a Filter Node on top and return 0 rows.
        assertQueryReturnsEmptyResult("" +
                "SELECT * FROM (" +
                "   SELECT a, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY a ORDER BY a) rn\n" +
                "   FROM (VALUES (1), (1), (1), (2), (2), (3)) t (a)) t " +
                "WHERE rn = -1");

        // Test "row_number() <= negative number" filter with ORDER BY. This should create a Window Node with a Filter Node on top and return 0 rows.
        assertQueryReturnsEmptyResult("" +
                "SELECT * FROM (" +
                "   SELECT a, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY a ORDER BY a) rn\n" +
                "   FROM (VALUES (1), (1), (1), (2), (2), (3)) t (a)) t " +
                "WHERE rn <= -1");

        // Test "row_number() = 0" filter with ORDER BY. This should create a Window Node with a Filter Node on top and return 0 rows.
        assertQueryReturnsEmptyResult("" +
                "SELECT * FROM (" +
                "   SELECT a, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY a ORDER BY a) rn\n" +
                "   FROM (VALUES (1), (1), (1), (2), (2), (3)) t (a)) t " +
                "WHERE rn = 0");

        // Test "row_number() = negative number" filter without ORDER BY. This should create a RowNumber Node with a Filter Node on top and return 0 rows.
        assertQueryReturnsEmptyResult("" +
                "SELECT * FROM (" +
                "   SELECT a, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY a) rn\n" +
                "   FROM (VALUES (1), (1), (1), (2), (2), (3)) t (a)) t " +
                "WHERE rn = -1");

        // Test "row_number() <= negative number" filter without ORDER BY. This should create a RowNumber Node with a Filter Node on top and return 0 rows.
        assertQueryReturnsEmptyResult("" +
                "SELECT * FROM (" +
                "   SELECT a, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY a) rn\n" +
                "   FROM (VALUES (1), (1), (1), (2), (2), (3)) t (a)) t " +
                "WHERE rn <= -1");

        // Test "row_number() = 0" filter without ORDER BY. This should create a RowNumber Node with a Filter Node on top and return 0 rows.
        assertQueryReturnsEmptyResult("" +
                "SELECT * FROM (" +
                "   SELECT a, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY a) rn\n" +
                "   FROM (VALUES (1), (1), (1), (2), (2), (3)) t (a)) t " +
                "WHERE rn = 0");
    }

    @Test
    public void testRowNumberFilterAndLimit()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT * FROM (" +
                "SELECT a, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY a ORDER BY a) rn\n" +
                "FROM (VALUES (1), (2), (1), (2)) t (a)) t WHERE rn < 2 LIMIT 2");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), BIGINT, BIGINT)
                .row(1, 1L)
                .row(2, 1L)
                .build();
        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());

        actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT * FROM (" +
                "SELECT a, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY a) rn\n" +
                "FROM (VALUES (1), (2), (1), (2), (1)) t (a)) t WHERE rn < 3 LIMIT 2");

        expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), BIGINT, BIGINT)
                .row(1, 1L)
                .row(1, 2L)
                .row(2, 1L)
                .row(2, 2L)
                .build();
        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().size(), 2);
        assertContains(expected, actual);
    }

    @Test
    public void testRowNumberUnpartitionedFilter()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderkey, orderstatus FROM (\n" +
                "   SELECT row_number() OVER () rn, orderkey, orderstatus\n" +
                "   FROM orders\n" +
                ") WHERE rn <= 5 AND orderstatus != 'Z'");
        MaterializedResult all = computeExpected("SELECT orderkey, orderstatus FROM orders", actual.getTypes());
        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().size(), 5);
        assertContains(all, actual);

        actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderkey, orderstatus FROM (\n" +
                "   SELECT row_number() OVER () rn, orderkey, orderstatus\n" +
                "   FROM orders\n" +
                ") WHERE rn < 5");
        all = computeExpected("SELECT orderkey, orderstatus FROM orders", actual.getTypes());

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().size(), 4);
        assertContains(all, actual);

        actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderkey, orderstatus FROM (\n" +
                "   SELECT row_number() OVER () rn, orderkey, orderstatus\n" +
                "   FROM orders\n" +
                ") LIMIT 5");
        all = computeExpected("SELECT orderkey, orderstatus FROM orders", actual.getTypes());

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().size(), 5);
        assertContains(all, actual);
    }

    @Test
    public void testRowNumberPartitionedFilter()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderkey, orderstatus FROM (\n" +
                "   SELECT row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY orderstatus) rn, orderkey, orderstatus\n" +
                "   FROM orders\n" +
                ") WHERE rn <= 5");
        MaterializedResult all = computeExpected("SELECT orderkey, orderstatus FROM orders", actual.getTypes());

        // there are 3 DISTINCT orderstatus, so expect 15 rows.
        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().size(), 15);
        assertContains(all, actual);

        // Test for unreferenced outputs
        actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderkey FROM (\n" +
                "   SELECT row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY orderstatus) rn, orderkey\n" +
                "   FROM orders\n" +
                ") WHERE rn <= 5");
        all = computeExpected("SELECT orderkey FROM orders", actual.getTypes());

        // there are 3 distinct orderstatus, so expect 15 rows.
        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().size(), 15);
        assertContains(all, actual);
    }

    @Test
    public void testRowNumberUnpartitionedFilterLimit()
    {
        assertQuery("" +
                "SELECT row_number() OVER ()\n" +
                "FROM lineitem JOIN orders ON lineitem.orderkey = orders.orderkey\n" +
                "WHERE orders.orderkey = 10000\n" +
                "LIMIT 20");
    }

    @Test
    public void testRowNumberPropertyDerivation()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT orderkey, orderstatus, SUM(rn) OVER (PARTITION BY orderstatus) c " +
                        "FROM ( " +
                        "   SELECT orderkey, orderstatus, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY orderstatus) rn " +
                        "   FROM ( " +
                        "       SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 10 " +
                        "   ) " +
                        ")",
                "VALUES " +
                        "(1, 'O', 21), " +
                        "(2, 'O', 21), " +
                        "(3, 'F', 10), " +
                        "(4, 'O', 21), " +
                        "(5, 'F', 10), " +
                        "(6, 'F', 10), " +
                        "(7, 'O', 21), " +
                        "(32, 'O', 21), " +
                        "(33, 'F', 10), " +
                        "(34, 'O', 21)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testTopNUnpartitionedWindow()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT * FROM (\n" +
                "   SELECT row_number() OVER (ORDER BY orderkey) rn, orderkey, orderstatus\n" +
                "   FROM orders\n" +
                ") WHERE rn <= 5");
        String sql = "SELECT row_number() OVER (), orderkey, orderstatus FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 5";
        MaterializedResult expected = computeExpected(sql, actual.getTypes());
        assertEquals(actual, expected);
    }

    @Test
    public void testTopNUnpartitionedLargeWindow()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT * FROM (\n" +
                "   SELECT row_number() OVER (ORDER BY orderkey) rn, orderkey, orderstatus\n" +
                "   FROM orders\n" +
                ") WHERE rn <= 10000");
        String sql = "SELECT row_number() OVER (), orderkey, orderstatus FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 10000";
        MaterializedResult expected = computeExpected(sql, actual.getTypes());
        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual, expected);
    }

    @Test
    public void testTopNPartitionedWindow()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM ( " +
                        "   SELECT row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY orderstatus ORDER BY orderkey) rn, orderkey, orderstatus " +
                        "   FROM orders " +
                        ") WHERE rn <= 2",
                "VALUES " +
                        "(1, 1, 'O'), " +
                        "(2, 2, 'O'), " +
                        "(1, 3, 'F'), " +
                        "(2, 5, 'F'), " +
                        "(1, 65, 'P'), " +
                        "(2, 197, 'P')");

        // Test for unreferenced outputs
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM ( " +
                        "   SELECT row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY orderstatus ORDER BY orderkey) rn, orderkey " +
                        "   FROM orders " +
                        ") WHERE rn <= 2",
                "VALUES " +
                        "(1, 1), " +
                        "(2, 2), " +
                        "(1, 3), " +
                        "(2, 5), " +
                        "(1, 65), " +
                        "(2, 197)");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM ( " +
                        "   SELECT row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY orderstatus ORDER BY orderkey) rn, orderstatus " +
                        "   FROM orders " +
                        ") WHERE rn <= 2",
                "VALUES " +
                        "(1, 'O'), " +
                        "(2, 'O'), " +
                        "(1, 'F'), " +
                        "(2, 'F'), " +
                        "(1, 'P'), " +
                        "(2, 'P')");
    }

    @Test
    public void testTopNUnpartitionedWindowWithEqualityFilter()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM ( " +
                        "   SELECT row_number() OVER (ORDER BY orderkey) rn, orderkey, orderstatus " +
                        "   FROM orders " +
                        ") WHERE rn = 2",
                "VALUES (2, 2, 'O')");
    }

    @Test
    public void testTopNUnpartitionedWindowWithCompositeFilter()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM ( " +
                        "   SELECT row_number() OVER (ORDER BY orderkey) rn, orderkey, orderstatus " +
                        "   FROM orders " +
                        ") WHERE rn = 1 OR rn IN (3, 4) OR rn BETWEEN 6 AND 7",
                "VALUES " +
                        "(1, 1, 'O'), " +
                        "(3, 3, 'F'), " +
                        "(4, 4, 'O'), " +
                        "(6, 6, 'F'), " +
                        "(7, 7, 'O')");
    }

    @Test
    public void testTopNPartitionedWindowWithEqualityFilter()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM ( " +
                        "   SELECT row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY orderstatus ORDER BY orderkey) rn, orderkey, orderstatus " +
                        "   FROM orders " +
                        ") WHERE rn = 2",
                "VALUES " +
                        "(2, 2, 'O'), " +
                        "(2, 5, 'F'), " +
                        "(2, 197, 'P')");

        // Test for unreferenced outputs
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM ( " +
                        "   SELECT row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY orderstatus ORDER BY orderkey) rn, orderkey " +
                        "   FROM orders " +
                        ") WHERE rn = 2",
                "VALUES (2, 2), (2, 5), (2, 197)");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM ( " +
                        "   SELECT row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY orderstatus ORDER BY orderkey) rn, orderstatus " +
                        "   FROM orders " +
                        ") WHERE rn = 2",
                "VALUES (2, 'O'), (2, 'F'), (2, 'P')");
    }

    @Test
    public void testScalarFunction()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT SUBSTR('Quadratically', 5, 6)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCast()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST('1' AS BIGINT)");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(totalprice AS BIGINT) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(orderkey AS DOUBLE) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(orderkey AS VARCHAR) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(orderkey AS BOOLEAN) FROM orders");

        assertQuery("SELECT try_cast('1' AS BIGINT)", "SELECT CAST('1' AS BIGINT)");
        assertQuery("SELECT try_cast(totalprice AS BIGINT) FROM orders", "SELECT CAST(totalprice AS BIGINT) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT try_cast(orderkey AS DOUBLE) FROM orders", "SELECT CAST(orderkey AS DOUBLE) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT try_cast(orderkey AS VARCHAR) FROM orders", "SELECT CAST(orderkey AS VARCHAR) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT try_cast(orderkey AS BOOLEAN) FROM orders", "SELECT CAST(orderkey AS BOOLEAN) FROM orders");

        assertQuery("SELECT try_cast('foo' AS BIGINT)", "SELECT CAST(null AS BIGINT)");
        assertQuery("SELECT try_cast(clerk AS BIGINT) FROM orders", "SELECT CAST(null AS BIGINT) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT try_cast(orderkey * orderkey AS VARCHAR) FROM orders", "SELECT CAST(orderkey * orderkey AS VARCHAR) FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT try_cast(try_cast(orderkey AS VARCHAR) AS BIGINT) FROM orders", "SELECT orderkey FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT try_cast(clerk AS VARCHAR) || try_cast(clerk AS VARCHAR) FROM orders", "SELECT clerk || clerk FROM orders");

        assertQuery("SELECT coalesce(try_cast('foo' AS BIGINT), 456)", "SELECT 456");
        assertQuery("SELECT coalesce(try_cast(clerk AS BIGINT), 456) FROM orders", "SELECT 456 FROM orders");

        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(x AS BIGINT) FROM (VALUES 1, 2, 3, NULL) t (x)", "VALUES 1, 2, 3, NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT try_cast(x AS BIGINT) FROM (VALUES 1, 2, 3, NULL) t (x)", "VALUES 1, 2, 3, NULL");
    }

    @Test
    public void testInvalidCast()
    {
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT CAST(1 AS DATE)",
                "line 1:8: Cannot cast integer to date");
    }

    @Test
    public void testInvalidCastInMultilineQuery()
    {
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT CAST(totalprice AS BIGINT),\n" +
                        "CAST(2015 AS DATE),\n" +
                        "CAST(orderkey AS DOUBLE) FROM orders",
                "line 2:1: Cannot cast integer to date");
    }

    @Test
    public void testTryInvalidCast()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT TRY(CAST('a' AS BIGINT))",
                "SELECT NULL");
    }

    @Test
    public void testConcatOperator()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT '12' || '34'");
    }

    @Test
    public void testQuotedIdentifiers()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT \"TOTALPRICE\" \"my price\" FROM \"ORDERS\"");
    }

    @Test
    public void testInvalidColumn()
    {
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT * FROM lineitem l JOIN (SELECT orderkey_1, custkey FROM orders) o on l.orderkey = o.orderkey_1",
                "line 1:39: Column 'orderkey_1' cannot be resolved");
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnaliasedSubqueries()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey FROM (SELECT orderkey FROM orders)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnaliasedSubqueries1()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT a FROM (SELECT orderkey a FROM orders)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testWith()
    {
        assertQuery("" +
                        "WITH a AS (SELECT * FROM orders) " +
                        "SELECT * FROM a",
                "SELECT * FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testWithQualifiedPrefix()
    {
        assertQuery("WITH a AS (SELECT 123) SELECT a.* FROM a", "SELECT 123");
    }

    @Test
    public void testWithAliased()
    {
        assertQuery("WITH a AS (SELECT * FROM orders) SELECT * FROM a x", "SELECT * FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testReferenceToWithQueryInFromClause()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "WITH a AS (SELECT * FROM orders)" +
                        "SELECT * FROM (" +
                        "   SELECT * FROM a" +
                        ")",
                "SELECT * FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testWithChaining()
    {
        assertQuery("" +
                        "WITH a AS (SELECT orderkey n FROM orders)\n" +
                        ", b AS (SELECT n + 1 n FROM a)\n" +
                        ", c AS (SELECT n + 1 n FROM b)\n" +
                        "SELECT n + 1 FROM c",
                "SELECT orderkey + 3 FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testWithNestedSubqueries()
    {
        assertQuery("" +
                "WITH a AS (\n" +
                "  WITH aa AS (SELECT 123 x FROM orders LIMIT 1)\n" +
                "  SELECT x y FROM aa\n" +
                "), b AS (\n" +
                "  WITH bb AS (\n" +
                "    WITH bbb AS (SELECT y FROM a)\n" +
                "    SELECT bbb.* FROM bbb\n" +
                "  )\n" +
                "  SELECT y z FROM bb\n" +
                ")\n" +
                "SELECT *\n" +
                "FROM (\n" +
                "  WITH q AS (SELECT z w FROM b)\n" +
                "  SELECT j.*, k.*\n" +
                "  FROM a j\n" +
                "  JOIN q k ON (j.y = k.w)\n" +
                ") t", "" +
                "SELECT 123, 123 FROM orders LIMIT 1");
    }

    @Test
    public void testWithColumnAliasing()
    {
        assertQuery("WITH a (id) AS (SELECT 123) SELECT id FROM a", "SELECT 123");

        assertQuery(
                "WITH t (a, b, c) AS (SELECT 1, custkey x, orderkey FROM orders) SELECT c, b, a FROM t",
                "SELECT orderkey, custkey, 1 FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testWithHiding()
    {
        assertQuery("" +
                        "WITH a AS (SELECT 1), " +
                        "     b AS (" +
                        "         WITH a AS (SELECT 2)" +
                        "         SELECT * FROM a" +
                        "    )" +
                        "SELECT * FROM b",
                "SELECT 2");
        assertQueryFails(
                "WITH a AS (VALUES 1), " +
                        "     a AS (VALUES 2)" +
                        "SELECT * FROM a",
                "line 1:28: WITH query name 'a' specified more than once");
    }

    @Test
    public void testWithRecursive()
    {
        assertQueryFails(
                "WITH RECURSIVE a AS (SELECT 123) SELECT * FROM a",
                "line 1:1: Recursive WITH queries are not supported");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCaseNoElse()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey, CASE orderstatus WHEN 'O' THEN 'a' END FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCaseNoElseInconsistentResultType()
    {
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT orderkey, CASE orderstatus WHEN 'O' THEN 'a' WHEN '1' THEN 2 END FROM orders",
                "\\Qline 1:67: All CASE results must be the same type: varchar(1)\\E");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCaseWithSupertypeCast()
    {
        assertQuery(" SELECT CASE x WHEN 1 THEN CAST(1 AS decimal(4,1)) WHEN 2 THEN CAST(1 AS decimal(4,2)) ELSE CAST(1 AS decimal(4,3)) END FROM (values 1) t(x)", "SELECT 1.000");
    }

    @Test
    public void testIfExpression()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT sum(IF(orderstatus = 'F', totalprice, 0.0)) FROM orders",
                "SELECT sum(CASE WHEN orderstatus = 'F' THEN totalprice ELSE 0.0 END) FROM orders");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT sum(IF(orderstatus = 'Z', totalprice)) FROM orders",
                "SELECT sum(CASE WHEN orderstatus = 'Z' THEN totalprice END) FROM orders");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT sum(IF(orderstatus = 'F', NULL, totalprice)) FROM orders",
                "SELECT sum(CASE WHEN orderstatus = 'F' THEN NULL ELSE totalprice END) FROM orders");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT IF(orderstatus = 'Z', orderkey / 0, orderkey) FROM orders",
                "SELECT CASE WHEN orderstatus = 'Z' THEN orderkey / 0 ELSE orderkey END FROM orders");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT sum(IF(NULLIF(orderstatus, 'F') <> 'F', totalprice, 5.1)) FROM orders",
                "SELECT sum(CASE WHEN NULLIF(orderstatus, 'F') <> 'F' THEN totalprice ELSE 5.1 END) FROM orders");

        // coercions to supertype
        assertQuery("SELECT if(true, CAST(1 AS decimal(2,1)), 1)", "SELECT 1.0");
    }

    @Test
    public void testIn()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey IN (1, 2, 3)");
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey IN (1.5, 2.3)", "SELECT orderkey FROM orders LIMIT 0"); // H2 incorrectly matches rows
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey IN (1, 2E0, 3)");
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE totalprice IN (1, 2, 3)");
        assertQuery("SELECT x FROM (values 3, 100) t(x) WHERE x IN (2147483649)", "SELECT * WHERE false");
        assertQuery("SELECT x FROM (values 3, 100, 2147483648, 2147483649, 2147483650) t(x) WHERE x IN (2147483648, 2147483650)", "values 2147483648, 2147483650");
        assertQuery("SELECT x FROM (values 3, 100, 2147483648, 2147483649, 2147483650) t(x) WHERE x IN (3, 4, 2147483648, 2147483650)", "values 3, 2147483648, 2147483650");
        assertQuery("SELECT x FROM (values 1, 2, 3) t(x) WHERE x IN (1 + CAST(rand() < 0 AS bigint), 2 + CAST(rand() < 0 AS bigint))", "values 1, 2");
        assertQuery("SELECT x FROM (values 1, 2, 3, 4) t(x) WHERE x IN (1 + CAST(rand() < 0 AS bigint), 2 + CAST(rand() < 0 AS bigint), 4)", "values 1, 2, 4");
        assertQuery("SELECT x FROM (values 1, 2, 3, 4) t(x) WHERE x IN (4, 2, 1)", "values 1, 2, 4");
        assertQuery("SELECT x FROM (values 1, 2, 3, 2147483648) t(x) WHERE x IN (1 + CAST(rand() < 0 AS bigint), 2 + CAST(rand() < 0 AS bigint), 2147483648)", "values 1, 2, 2147483648");
        assertQuery("SELECT x IN (0) FROM (values 4294967296) t(x)", "values false");
        assertQuery("SELECT x IN (0, 4294967297 + CAST(rand() < 0 AS bigint)) FROM (values 4294967296, 4294967297) t(x)", "values false, true");
        assertQuery("SELECT NULL in (1, 2, 3)", "values null");
        assertQuery("SELECT 1 in (1, NULL, 3)", "values true");
        assertQuery("SELECT 2 in (1, NULL, 3)", "values null");
        assertQuery("SELECT x FROM (values DATE '1970-01-01', DATE '1970-01-03') t(x) WHERE x IN (DATE '1970-01-01')", "values DATE '1970-01-01'");
        assertEquals(
                computeActual("SELECT x FROM (values TIMESTAMP '1970-01-01 00:01:00+00:00', TIMESTAMP '1970-01-01 08:01:00+08:00', TIMESTAMP '1970-01-01 00:01:00+08:00') t(x) WHERE x IN (TIMESTAMP '1970-01-01 00:01:00+00:00')")
                        .getOnlyColumn().collect(toList()),
                ImmutableList.of(zonedDateTime("1970-01-01 00:01:00.000 UTC"), zonedDateTime("1970-01-01 08:01:00.000 +08:00")));
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (values 1) t(x) WHERE x IN (null, 0)", "SELECT 0");
        assertQuery("SELECT d IN (DECIMAL '2.0', DECIMAL '30.0') FROM (VALUES (2.0E0)) t(d)", "SELECT true"); // coercion with type only coercion inside IN list
    }

    @Test
    public void testLargeIn()
    {
        String longValues = range(0, 5000)
                .mapToObj(Integer::toString)
                .collect(joining(", "));
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey IN (" + longValues + ")");
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey NOT IN (" + longValues + ")");

        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey IN (mod(1000, orderkey), " + longValues + ")");
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey NOT IN (mod(1000, orderkey), " + longValues + ")");

        String arrayValues = range(0, 5000)
                .mapToObj(i -> format("ARRAY[%s, %s, %s]", i, i + 1, i + 2))
                .collect(joining(", "));
        assertQuery("SELECT ARRAY[0, 0, 0] in (ARRAY[0, 0, 0], " + arrayValues + ")", "values true");
        assertQuery("SELECT ARRAY[0, 0, 0] in (" + arrayValues + ")", "values false");
    }

    @Test
    public void testNullOnLhsOfInPredicateAllowed()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT NULL IN (1, 2, 3)", "SELECT NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT NULL IN (SELECT 1)", "SELECT NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT NULL IN (SELECT 1 WHERE FALSE)", "SELECT FALSE");
        assertQuery("SELECT x FROM (VALUES NULL) t(x) WHERE x IN (SELECT 1)", "SELECT 33 WHERE FALSE");
        assertQuery("SELECT NULL IN (SELECT CAST(NULL AS BIGINT))", "SELECT NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT NULL IN (SELECT NULL WHERE FALSE)", "SELECT FALSE");
        assertQuery("SELECT NULL IN ((SELECT 1) UNION ALL (SELECT NULL))", "SELECT NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT x IN (SELECT TRUE) FROM (SELECT * FROM (VALUES CAST(NULL AS BOOLEAN)) t(x) WHERE (x OR NULL) IS NULL)", "SELECT NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT x IN (SELECT 1) FROM (SELECT * FROM (VALUES CAST(NULL AS INTEGER)) t(x) WHERE (x + 10 IS NULL) OR X = 2)", "SELECT NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT x IN (SELECT 1 WHERE FALSE) FROM (SELECT * FROM (VALUES CAST(NULL AS INTEGER)) t(x) WHERE (x + 10 IS NULL) OR X = 2)", "SELECT FALSE");
    }

    @Test
    public void testInSubqueryWithCrossJoin()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT a FROM (VALUES (1),(2)) t(a) WHERE a IN " +
                "(SELECT b FROM (VALUES (ARRAY[2])) AS t1 (a) CROSS JOIN UNNEST(a) AS t2(b))", "SELECT 2");
    }

    @Test
    public void testDuplicateFields()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM (SELECT orderkey, orderkey FROM orders)",
                "SELECT orderkey, orderkey FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testWildcardFromSubquery()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM (SELECT orderkey X FROM orders)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCaseInsensitiveAttribute()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT x FROM (SELECT orderkey X FROM orders)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCaseInsensitiveAliasedRelation()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT A.* FROM orders a");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCaseInsensitiveRowFieldReference()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT a.Col0 FROM (VALUES row(cast(ROW(1,2) AS ROW(col0 integer, col1 integer)))) AS t (a)", "SELECT 1");
    }

    @Test
    public void testSubqueryBody()
    {
        assertQuery("(SELECT orderkey, custkey FROM orders)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testSubqueryBodyOrderLimit()
    {
        assertQueryOrdered("(SELECT orderkey AS a, custkey AS b FROM orders) ORDER BY a LIMIT 1");
    }

    @Test
    public void testSubqueryBodyProjectedOrderby()
    {
        assertQueryOrdered("(SELECT orderkey, custkey FROM orders) ORDER BY orderkey * -1");
    }

    @Test
    public void testSubqueryBodyDoubleOrderby()
    {
        assertQueryOrdered("(SELECT orderkey, custkey FROM orders ORDER BY custkey) ORDER BY orderkey");
    }

    @Test
    public void testNodeRoster()
    {
        List<MaterializedRow> result = computeActual("SELECT * FROM system.runtime.nodes").getMaterializedRows();
        assertEquals(result.size(), getNodeCount());
    }

    @Test
    public void testCountOnInternalTables()
    {
        List<MaterializedRow> rows = computeActual("SELECT count(*) FROM system.runtime.nodes").getMaterializedRows();
        assertEquals(((Long) rows.get(0).getField(0)).longValue(), getNodeCount());
    }

    @Test
    public void testTransactionsTable()
    {
        List<MaterializedRow> result = computeActual("SELECT * FROM system.runtime.transactions").getMaterializedRows();
        assertTrue(result.size() >= 1); // At least one row for the current transaction.
    }

    @Test
    public void testDefaultExplainTextFormat()
    {
        String query = "SELECT * FROM orders";
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("EXPLAIN " + query);
        assertEquals(getOnlyElement(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet()), getExplainPlan(query, LOGICAL));
    }

    @Test
    public void testDefaultExplainGraphvizFormat()
    {
        String query = "SELECT * FROM orders";
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("EXPLAIN (FORMAT GRAPHVIZ) " + query);
        assertEquals(getOnlyElement(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet()), getGraphvizExplainPlan(query, LOGICAL));
    }

    @Test
    public void testLogicalExplain()
    {
        String query = "SELECT * FROM orders";
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("EXPLAIN (TYPE LOGICAL) " + query);
        assertEquals(getOnlyElement(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet()), getExplainPlan(query, LOGICAL));
    }

    @Test
    public void testIOExplain()
    {
        String query = "SELECT * FROM orders";
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("EXPLAIN (TYPE IO) " + query);
        assertEquals(getOnlyElement(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet()), getExplainPlan(query, IO));
    }

    @Test
    public void testLogicalExplainTextFormat()
    {
        String query = "SELECT * FROM orders";
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("EXPLAIN (TYPE LOGICAL, FORMAT TEXT) " + query);
        assertEquals(getOnlyElement(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet()), getExplainPlan(query, LOGICAL));
    }

    @Test
    public void testLogicalExplainGraphvizFormat()
    {
        String query = "SELECT * FROM orders";
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("EXPLAIN (TYPE LOGICAL, FORMAT GRAPHVIZ) " + query);
        assertEquals(getOnlyElement(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet()), getGraphvizExplainPlan(query, LOGICAL));
    }

    @Test
    public void testDistributedExplain()
    {
        String query = "SELECT * FROM orders";
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("EXPLAIN (TYPE DISTRIBUTED) " + query);
        assertEquals(getOnlyElement(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet()), getExplainPlan(query, DISTRIBUTED));
    }

    @Test
    public void testDistributedExplainTextFormat()
    {
        String query = "SELECT * FROM orders";
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("EXPLAIN (TYPE DISTRIBUTED, FORMAT TEXT) " + query);
        assertEquals(getOnlyElement(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet()), getExplainPlan(query, DISTRIBUTED));
    }

    @Test
    public void testDistributedExplainGraphvizFormat()
    {
        String query = "SELECT * FROM orders";
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("EXPLAIN (TYPE DISTRIBUTED, FORMAT GRAPHVIZ) " + query);
        assertEquals(getOnlyElement(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet()), getGraphvizExplainPlan(query, DISTRIBUTED));
    }

    @Test
    public void testExplainValidate()
    {
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("EXPLAIN (TYPE VALIDATE) SELECT 1");
        assertEquals(result.getOnlyValue(), true);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions = Exception.class, expectedExceptionsMessageRegExp = "line 1:32: Column 'x' cannot be resolved")
    public void testExplainValidateThrows()
    {
        computeActual("EXPLAIN (TYPE VALIDATE) SELECT x");
    }

    @Test
    public void testExplainOfExplain()
    {
        String query = "EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders";
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("EXPLAIN " + query);
        assertEquals(getOnlyElement(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet()), getExplainPlan(query, LOGICAL));
    }

    @Test
    public void testExplainOfExplainAnalyze()
    {
        String query = "EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM orders";
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("EXPLAIN " + query);
        assertEquals(getOnlyElement(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet()), getExplainPlan(query, LOGICAL));
    }

    @Test
    public void testExplainDdl()
    {
        assertExplainDdl("CREATE TABLE foo (pk bigint)", "CREATE TABLE foo");
        assertExplainDdl("CREATE VIEW foo AS SELECT * FROM orders", "CREATE VIEW foo");
        assertExplainDdl("DROP TABLE orders");
        assertExplainDdl("DROP VIEW view");
        assertExplainDdl("ALTER TABLE orders RENAME TO new_name");
        assertExplainDdl("ALTER TABLE orders RENAME COLUMN orderkey TO new_column_name");
        assertExplainDdl("SET SESSION foo = 'bar'");
        assertExplainDdl("PREPARE my_query FROM SELECT * FROM orders", "PREPARE my_query");
        assertExplainDdl("DEALLOCATE PREPARE my_query");
        assertExplainDdl("RESET SESSION foo");
        assertExplainDdl("START TRANSACTION");
        assertExplainDdl("COMMIT");
        assertExplainDdl("ROLLBACK");
    }

    private void assertExplainDdl(String query)
    {
        assertExplainDdl(query, query);
    }

    private void assertExplainDdl(String query, String expected)
    {
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("EXPLAIN " + query);
        assertEquals(getOnlyElement(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet()), expected);
    }

    @Test
    public void testExplainExecute()
    {
        Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                .addPreparedStatement("my_query", "SELECT * FROM orders")
                .build();
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual(session, "EXPLAIN (TYPE LOGICAL) EXECUTE my_query");
        assertEquals(getOnlyElement(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet()), getExplainPlan("SELECT * FROM orders", LOGICAL));
    }

    @Test
    public void testExplainExecuteWithUsing()
    {
        Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                .addPreparedStatement("my_query", "SELECT * FROM orders WHERE orderkey < ?")
                .build();
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual(session, "EXPLAIN (TYPE LOGICAL) EXECUTE my_query USING 7");
        assertEquals(getOnlyElement(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet()), getExplainPlan("SELECT * FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7", LOGICAL));
    }

    @Test
    public void testExplainSetSessionWithUsing()
    {
        Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                .addPreparedStatement("my_query", "SET SESSION foo = ?")
                .build();
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual(session, "EXPLAIN (TYPE LOGICAL) EXECUTE my_query USING 7");
        assertEquals(getOnlyElement(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet()), "SET SESSION foo = 7");
    }

    @Test
    public void testShowCatalogs()
    {
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("SHOW CATALOGS");
        assertTrue(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet().contains(getSession().getCatalog().get()));
    }

    @Test
    public void testShowCatalogsLike()
    {
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual(format("SHOW CATALOGS LIKE '%s'", getSession().getCatalog().get()));
        assertEquals(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet(), ImmutableSet.of(getSession().getCatalog().get()));
    }

    @Test
    public void testShowSchemas()
    {
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("SHOW SCHEMAS");
        assertTrue(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet().containsAll(ImmutableSet.of(getSession().getSchema().get(), INFORMATION_SCHEMA)));
    }

    @Test
    public void testShowSchemasFrom()
    {
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual(format("SHOW SCHEMAS FROM %s", getSession().getCatalog().get()));
        assertTrue(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet().containsAll(ImmutableSet.of(getSession().getSchema().get(), INFORMATION_SCHEMA)));
    }

    @Test
    public void testShowSchemasLike()
    {
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual(format("SHOW SCHEMAS LIKE '%s'", getSession().getSchema().get()));
        assertEquals(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet(), ImmutableSet.of(getSession().getSchema().get()));
    }

    @Test
    public void testShowSchemasLikeWithEscape()
    {
        assertQueryFails("SHOW SCHEMAS IN foo LIKE '%$_%' ESCAPE", "line 1:39: mismatched input '<EOF>'. Expecting: <string>");
        assertQueryFails("SHOW SCHEMAS LIKE 't$_%' ESCAPE ''", "Escape string must be a single character");
        assertQueryFails("SHOW SCHEMAS LIKE 't$_%' ESCAPE '$$'", "Escape string must be a single character");

        Set<Object> allSchemas = computeActual("SHOW SCHEMAS").getOnlyColumnAsSet();
        assertEquals(allSchemas, computeActual("SHOW SCHEMAS LIKE '%_%'").getOnlyColumnAsSet());
        Set<Object> result = computeActual("SHOW SCHEMAS LIKE '%$_%' ESCAPE '$'").getOnlyColumnAsSet();
        assertNotEquals(allSchemas, result);
        assertThat(result).contains("information_schema").allMatch(schemaName -> ((String) schemaName).contains("_"));
    }

    @Test
    public void testShowTables()
    {
        Set<String> expectedTables = ImmutableSet.copyOf(transform(TpchTable.getTables(), TpchTable::getTableName));

        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("SHOW TABLES");
        assertTrue(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet().containsAll(expectedTables));
    }

    @Test
    public void testShowTablesFrom()
    {
        Set<String> expectedTables = ImmutableSet.copyOf(transform(TpchTable.getTables(), TpchTable::getTableName));

        String catalog = getSession().getCatalog().get();
        String schema = getSession().getSchema().get();

        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("SHOW TABLES FROM " + schema);
        assertTrue(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet().containsAll(expectedTables));

        result = computeActual("SHOW TABLES FROM " + catalog + "." + schema);
        assertTrue(result.getOnlyColumnAsSet().containsAll(expectedTables));

        assertQueryFails("SHOW TABLES FROM UNKNOWN", "line 1:1: Schema 'unknown' does not exist");
        assertQueryFails("SHOW TABLES FROM UNKNOWNCATALOG.UNKNOWNSCHEMA", "line 1:1: Catalog 'unknowncatalog' does not exist");
    }

    @Test
    public void testShowTablesLike()
    {
        assertThat(computeActual("SHOW TABLES LIKE 'or%'").getOnlyColumnAsSet())
                .contains("orders")
                .allMatch(tableName -> ((String) tableName).startsWith("or"));
    }

    @Test
    public void testShowTablesLikeWithEscape()
    {
        assertQueryFails("SHOW TABLES IN a LIKE '%$_%' ESCAPE", "line 1:36: mismatched input '<EOF>'. Expecting: <string>");
        assertQueryFails("SHOW TABLES LIKE 't$_%' ESCAPE ''", "Escape string must be a single character");
        assertQueryFails("SHOW TABLES LIKE 't$_%' ESCAPE '$$'", "Escape string must be a single character");

        Set<Object> allTables = computeActual("SHOW TABLES FROM information_schema").getOnlyColumnAsSet();
        assertEquals(allTables, computeActual("SHOW TABLES FROM information_schema LIKE '%_%'").getOnlyColumnAsSet());
        Set<Object> result = computeActual("SHOW TABLES FROM information_schema LIKE '%$_%' ESCAPE '$'").getOnlyColumnAsSet();
        assertNotEquals(allTables, result);
        assertThat(result).contains("table_privileges").allMatch(schemaName -> ((String) schemaName).contains("_"));
    }

    @Test
    public void testShowColumns()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SHOW COLUMNS FROM orders");

        MaterializedResult expectedUnparametrizedVarchar = resultBuilder(getSession(), VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR)
                .row("orderkey", "bigint", "", "")
                .row("custkey", "bigint", "", "")
                .row("orderstatus", "varchar", "", "")
                .row("totalprice", "double", "", "")
                .row("orderdate", "date", "", "")
                .row("orderpriority", "varchar", "", "")
                .row("clerk", "varchar", "", "")
                .row("shippriority", "integer", "", "")
                .row("comment", "varchar", "", "")
                .build();

        MaterializedResult expectedParametrizedVarchar = resultBuilder(getSession(), VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR)
                .row("orderkey", "bigint", "", "")
                .row("custkey", "bigint", "", "")
                .row("orderstatus", "varchar(1)", "", "")
                .row("totalprice", "double", "", "")
                .row("orderdate", "date", "", "")
                .row("orderpriority", "varchar(15)", "", "")
                .row("clerk", "varchar(15)", "", "")
                .row("shippriority", "integer", "", "")
                .row("comment", "varchar(79)", "", "")
                .build();

        // Until we migrate all connectors to parametrized varchar we check two options
        assertTrue(actual.equals(expectedParametrizedVarchar) || actual.equals(expectedUnparametrizedVarchar),
                format("%s does not matche neither of %s and %s", actual, expectedParametrizedVarchar, expectedUnparametrizedVarchar));
    }

    @Test
    public void testAtTimeZone()
    {
        assertEquals(computeScalar("SELECT TIMESTAMP '2012-10-31 01:00' AT TIME ZONE INTERVAL '07:09' hour to minute"), zonedDateTime("2012-10-30 18:09:00.000 +07:09"));
        assertEquals(computeScalar("SELECT TIMESTAMP '2012-10-31 01:00' AT TIME ZONE 'Asia/Oral'"), zonedDateTime("2012-10-30 16:00:00.000 Asia/Oral"));
        assertEquals(computeScalar("SELECT MIN(x) AT TIME ZONE 'America/Chicago' FROM (VALUES TIMESTAMP '1970-01-01 00:01:00+00:00') t(x)"), zonedDateTime("1969-12-31 18:01:00.000 America/Chicago"));
        assertEquals(computeScalar("SELECT TIMESTAMP '2012-10-31 01:00' AT TIME ZONE '+07:09'"), zonedDateTime("2012-10-30 18:09:00.000 +07:09"));
        assertEquals(computeScalar("SELECT TIMESTAMP '2012-10-31 01:00 UTC' AT TIME ZONE 'America/Los_Angeles'"), zonedDateTime("2012-10-30 18:00:00.000 America/Los_Angeles"));
        assertEquals(computeScalar("SELECT TIMESTAMP '2012-10-31 01:00' AT TIME ZONE 'America/Los_Angeles'"), zonedDateTime("2012-10-30 04:00:00.000 America/Los_Angeles"));
        assertEquals(computeActual("SELECT x AT TIME ZONE 'America/Los_Angeles' FROM (values TIMESTAMP '1970-01-01 00:01:00+00:00', TIMESTAMP '1970-01-01 08:01:00+08:00', TIMESTAMP '1969-12-31 16:01:00-08:00') t(x)").getOnlyColumnAsSet(),
                ImmutableSet.of(zonedDateTime("1969-12-31 16:01:00.000 America/Los_Angeles")));
        assertEquals(computeActual("SELECT x AT TIME ZONE 'America/Los_Angeles' FROM (values TIMESTAMP '1970-01-01 00:01:00', TIMESTAMP '1970-01-01 08:01:00', TIMESTAMP '1969-12-31 16:01:00') t(x)").getOnlyColumn().collect(toList()),
                ImmutableList.of(zonedDateTime("1970-01-01 03:01:00.000 America/Los_Angeles"), zonedDateTime("1970-01-01 11:01:00.000 America/Los_Angeles"), zonedDateTime("1969-12-31 19:01:00.000 America/Los_Angeles")));
        assertEquals(computeScalar("SELECT min(x) AT TIME ZONE 'America/Los_Angeles' FROM (values TIMESTAMP '1970-01-01 00:01:00+00:00', TIMESTAMP '1970-01-01 08:01:00+08:00', TIMESTAMP '1969-12-31 16:01:00-08:00') t(x)"),
                zonedDateTime("1969-12-31 16:01:00.000 America/Los_Angeles"));

        // with chained AT TIME ZONE
        assertEquals(computeScalar("SELECT TIMESTAMP '2012-10-31 01:00' AT TIME ZONE 'America/Los_Angeles' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'"), zonedDateTime("2012-10-30 11:00:00.000 UTC"));
        assertEquals(computeScalar("SELECT TIMESTAMP '2012-10-31 01:00' AT TIME ZONE 'Asia/Tokyo' AT TIME ZONE 'America/Los_Angeles'"), zonedDateTime("2012-10-30 04:00:00.000 America/Los_Angeles"));
        assertEquals(computeScalar("SELECT TIMESTAMP '2012-10-31 01:00' AT TIME ZONE 'America/Los_Angeles' AT TIME ZONE 'Asia/Shanghai'"), zonedDateTime("2012-10-30 19:00:00.000 Asia/Shanghai"));
        assertEquals(computeScalar("SELECT min(x) AT TIME ZONE 'America/Los_Angeles' AT TIME ZONE 'UTC' FROM (values TIMESTAMP '1970-01-01 00:01:00+00:00', TIMESTAMP '1970-01-01 08:01:00+08:00', TIMESTAMP '1969-12-31 16:01:00-08:00') t(x)"),
                zonedDateTime("1970-01-01 00:01:00.000 UTC"));

        // with AT TIME ZONE in VALUES
        assertEquals(computeScalar("SELECT * FROM (VALUES TIMESTAMP '2012-10-31 01:00' AT TIME ZONE 'Asia/Oral')"), zonedDateTime("2012-10-30 16:00:00.000 Asia/Oral"));
    }

    private ZonedDateTime zonedDateTime(String value)
    {
        return ZONED_DATE_TIME_FORMAT.parse(value, ZonedDateTime::from);
    }

    @Test
    public void testShowFunctions()
    {
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual("SHOW FUNCTIONS");
        ImmutableMultimap<String, MaterializedRow> functions = Multimaps.index(result.getMaterializedRows(), input -> {
            assertEquals(input.getFieldCount(), 8);
            return (String) input.getField(0);
        });

        assertTrue(functions.containsKey("avg"), "Expected function names " + functions + " to contain 'avg'");
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().size(), 6);
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().get(0).getField(1), "decimal(p,s)");
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().get(0).getField(2), "decimal(p,s)");
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().get(0).getField(3), "aggregate");
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().get(1).getField(1), "double");
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().get(1).getField(2), "bigint");
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().get(1).getField(3), "aggregate");
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().get(2).getField(1), "double");
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().get(2).getField(2), "double");
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().get(2).getField(3), "aggregate");
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().get(3).getField(1), "interval day to second");
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().get(3).getField(2), "interval day to second");
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().get(3).getField(3), "aggregate");
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().get(4).getField(1), "interval year to month");
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().get(4).getField(2), "interval year to month");
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().get(4).getField(3), "aggregate");
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().get(5).getField(1), "real");
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().get(5).getField(2), "real");
        assertEquals(functions.get("avg").asList().get(5).getField(3), "aggregate");

        assertTrue(functions.containsKey("abs"), "Expected function names " + functions + " to contain 'abs'");
        assertEquals(functions.get("abs").asList().get(0).getField(3), "scalar");
        assertEquals(functions.get("abs").asList().get(0).getField(4), true);

        assertTrue(functions.containsKey("rand"), "Expected function names " + functions + " to contain 'rand'");
        assertEquals(functions.get("rand").asList().get(0).getField(3), "scalar");
        assertEquals(functions.get("rand").asList().get(0).getField(4), false);

        assertTrue(functions.containsKey("rank"), "Expected function names " + functions + " to contain 'rank'");
        assertEquals(functions.get("rank").asList().get(0).getField(3), "window");

        assertTrue(functions.containsKey("rank"), "Expected function names " + functions + " to contain 'split_part'");
        assertEquals(functions.get("split_part").asList().get(0).getField(1), "varchar(x)");
        assertEquals(functions.get("split_part").asList().get(0).getField(2), "varchar(x), varchar(y), bigint");
        assertEquals(functions.get("split_part").asList().get(0).getField(3), "scalar");

        assertFalse(functions.containsKey("like"), "Expected function names " + functions + " not to contain 'like'");
    }

    @Test
    public void testShowFunctionsLike()
    {
        // the precondition for this test is that we have built in functions named "var_pop", "var_samp" and "variance"
        // Match function names with prefix var
        MaterializedResult functionsLike = computeActual("SHOW FUNCTIONS LIKE 'var%'");
        List<String> functionNamesLike = functionsLike.getMaterializedRows().stream()
                .map(MaterializedRow::getFields)
                .map(list -> list.get(0))
                .map(String.class::cast)
                .distinct()
                .collect(toImmutableList());
        assertEquals(functionNamesLike, ImmutableList.of("var_pop", "var_samp", "variance"));

        // Match both "var_" and "variance" because '_' is treated as a wildcard, not a literal
        MaterializedResult functionsLikeWithoutEscape = computeActual("SHOW FUNCTIONS LIKE 'var_%'");
        List<String> functionNamesLikeWithoutEscape = functionsLikeWithoutEscape.getMaterializedRows().stream()
                .map(MaterializedRow::getFields)
                .map(list -> list.get(0))
                .map(String.class::cast)
                .distinct()
                .collect(toImmutableList());
        assertEquals(functionNamesLikeWithoutEscape, ImmutableList.of("var_pop", "var_samp", "variance"));

        // Match "var_" but not "variance" because '_' is now escaped
        MaterializedResult functionsLikeWithEscape = computeActual("SHOW FUNCTIONS LIKE 'var$_%' ESCAPE '$'");
        List<String> functionNamesLikeWithEscape = functionsLikeWithEscape.getMaterializedRows().stream()
                .map(MaterializedRow::getFields)
                .map(list -> list.get(0))
                .map(String.class::cast)
                .distinct()
                .collect(toImmutableList());
        assertEquals(functionNamesLikeWithEscape, ImmutableList.of("var_pop", "var_samp"));
    }

    @Test
    public void testInformationSchemaFiltering()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'orders' LIMIT 1",
                "SELECT 'orders' table_name");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.columns WHERE data_type = 'bigint' AND table_name = 'customer' and column_name = 'custkey' LIMIT 1",
                "SELECT 'customer' table_name");
    }

    @Test
    public void testInformationSchemaUppercaseName()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_catalog = 'LOCAL'",
                "SELECT '' WHERE false");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = 'TINY'",
                "SELECT '' WHERE false");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'ORDERS'",
                "SELECT '' WHERE false");
    }

    @Test
    public void testSelectColumnOfNulls()
    {
        // Currently nulls can confuse the local planner, so select some
        assertQueryOrdered("SELECT CAST(NULL AS VARCHAR), CAST(NULL AS BIGINT) FROM orders ORDER BY 1");
    }

    @Test
    public void testSelectCaseInsensitive()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT ORDERKEY FROM ORDERS");
        assertQuery("SELECT OrDeRkEy FROM OrDeRs");
    }

    @Test
    public void testShowSession()
    {
        Session session = new Session(
                getSession().getQueryId(),
                Optional.empty(),
                getSession().isClientTransactionSupport(),
                getSession().getIdentity(),
                getSession().getSource(),
                getSession().getCatalog(),
                getSession().getSchema(),
                getSession().getPath(),
                getSession().getTraceToken(),
                getSession().getTimeZoneKey(),
                getSession().getLocale(),
                getSession().getRemoteUserAddress(),
                getSession().getUserAgent(),
                getSession().getClientInfo(),
                getSession().getClientTags(),
                getSession().getClientCapabilities(),
                getSession().getResourceEstimates(),
                getSession().getStartTime(),
                ImmutableMap.<String, String>builder()
                        .put("test_string", "foo string")
                        .put("test_long", "424242")
                        .build(),
                ImmutableMap.of(),
                ImmutableMap.of(TESTING_CATALOG, ImmutableMap.<String, String>builder()
                        .put("connector_string", "bar string")
                        .put("connector_long", "11")
                        .build()),
                getQueryRunner().getMetadata().getSessionPropertyManager(),
                getSession().getPreparedStatements(),
                getSession().isPageMetadataEnabled());
        MaterializedResult result = computeActual(session, "SHOW SESSION");

        ImmutableMap<String, MaterializedRow> properties = Maps.uniqueIndex(result.getMaterializedRows(), input -> {
            assertEquals(input.getFieldCount(), 5);
            return (String) input.getField(0);
        });

        assertEquals(properties.get("test_string"), new MaterializedRow(1, "test_string", "foo string", "test default", "varchar", "test string property"));
        assertEquals(properties.get("test_long"), new MaterializedRow(1, "test_long", "424242", "42", "bigint", "test long property"));
        assertEquals(properties.get(TESTING_CATALOG + ".connector_string"),
                new MaterializedRow(1, TESTING_CATALOG + ".connector_string", "bar string", "connector default", "varchar", "connector string property"));
        assertEquals(properties.get(TESTING_CATALOG + ".connector_long"),
                new MaterializedRow(1, TESTING_CATALOG + ".connector_long", "11", "33", "bigint", "connector long property"));
    }

    @Test
    public void testTry()
    {
        // divide by zero
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT linenumber, sum(TRY(100/(CAST (tax*10 AS BIGINT)))) FROM lineitem GROUP BY linenumber",
                "SELECT linenumber, sum(100/(CAST (tax*10 AS BIGINT))) FROM lineitem WHERE CAST(tax*10 AS BIGINT) <> 0 GROUP BY linenumber");

        // invalid cast
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT TRY(CAST(IF(round(totalprice) % 2 = 0, CAST(totalprice AS VARCHAR), '^&$' || CAST(totalprice AS VARCHAR)) AS DOUBLE)) FROM orders",
                "SELECT CASE WHEN round(totalprice) % 2 = 0 THEN totalprice ELSE null END FROM orders");

        // invalid function argument
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT COUNT(TRY(to_base(100, CAST(round(totalprice/100) AS BIGINT)))) FROM orders",
                "SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN CAST(round(totalprice/100) AS BIGINT) BETWEEN 2 AND 36 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) FROM orders");

        // as part of a complex expression
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT COUNT(CAST(orderkey AS VARCHAR) || TRY(to_base(100, CAST(round(totalprice/100) AS BIGINT)))) FROM orders",
                "SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN CAST(round(totalprice/100) AS BIGINT) BETWEEN 2 AND 36 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) FROM orders");

        // missing function argument
        assertQueryFails("SELECT TRY()", "line 1:8: The 'try' function must have exactly one argument");

        // check that TRY is not pushed down
        assertQueryFails("SELECT TRY(x) IS NULL FROM (SELECT 1/y AS x FROM (VALUES 1, 2, 3, 0, 4) t(y))", "Division by zero");
        assertQuery("SELECT x IS NULL FROM (SELECT TRY(1/y) AS x FROM (VALUES 3, 0, 4) t(y))", "VALUES false, true, false");

        // test try with lambda function
        assertQuery("SELECT TRY(apply(5, x -> x + 1) / 0)", "SELECT NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT TRY(apply(5 + RANDOM(1), x -> x + 1) / 0)", "SELECT NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT apply(5 + RANDOM(1), x -> x + TRY(1 / 0))", "SELECT NULL");

        // test try with invalid JSON
        assertQuery("SELECT JSON_FORMAT(TRY(JSON 'INVALID'))", "SELECT NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT JSON_FORMAT(TRY (JSON_PARSE('INVALID')))", "SELECT NULL");

        // tests that might be constant folded
        assertQuery("SELECT TRY(CAST(NULL AS BIGINT))", "SELECT NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT TRY(CAST('123' AS BIGINT))", "SELECT 123L");
        assertQuery("SELECT TRY(CAST('foo' AS BIGINT))", "SELECT NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT TRY(CAST('foo' AS BIGINT)) + TRY(CAST('123' AS BIGINT))", "SELECT NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT TRY(CAST(CAST(123 AS VARCHAR) AS BIGINT))", "SELECT 123L");
        assertQuery("SELECT COALESCE(CAST(CONCAT('123', CAST(123 AS VARCHAR)) AS BIGINT), 0)", "SELECT 123123L");
        assertQuery("SELECT TRY(CAST(CONCAT('hello', CAST(123 AS VARCHAR)) AS BIGINT))", "SELECT NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT COALESCE(TRY(CAST(CONCAT('a', CAST(123 AS VARCHAR)) AS INTEGER)), 0)", "SELECT 0");
        assertQuery("SELECT COALESCE(TRY(CAST(CONCAT('a', CAST(123 AS VARCHAR)) AS BIGINT)), 0)", "SELECT 0L");
        assertQuery("SELECT 123 + TRY(ABS(-9223372036854775807 - 1))", "SELECT NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT JSON_FORMAT(TRY(JSON '[]')) || '123'", "SELECT '[]123'");
        assertQuery("SELECT JSON_FORMAT(TRY(JSON 'INVALID')) || '123'", "SELECT NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT TRY(2/1)", "SELECT 2");
        assertQuery("SELECT TRY(2/0)", "SELECT null");
        assertQuery("SELECT COALESCE(TRY(2/0), 0)", "SELECT 0");
        assertQuery("SELECT TRY(ABS(-2))", "SELECT 2");
    }

    @Test
    public void testTryNoMergeProjections()
    {
        // no regexp specified because the JVM optimizes away exception message constructor if run enough times
        assertQueryFails("SELECT TRY(x) FROM (SELECT 1/y AS x FROM (VALUES 1, 2, 3, 0, 4) t(y))", ".*");
    }

    @Test
    public void testNoFrom()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT 1 + 2, 3 + 4");
    }

    @Test
    public void testTopN()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT n.name, r.name FROM nation n LEFT JOIN region r ON n.regionkey = r.regionkey ORDER BY n.name LIMIT 1");
    }

    @Test
    public void testTopNByMultipleFields()
    {
        assertQueryOrdered("SELECT orderkey, custkey, orderstatus FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey ASC, custkey ASC LIMIT 10");
        assertQueryOrdered("SELECT orderkey, custkey, orderstatus FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey ASC, custkey DESC LIMIT 10");
        assertQueryOrdered("SELECT orderkey, custkey, orderstatus FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey DESC, custkey ASC LIMIT 10");
        assertQueryOrdered("SELECT orderkey, custkey, orderstatus FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey DESC, custkey DESC LIMIT 10");

        // now try with order by fields swapped
        assertQueryOrdered("SELECT orderkey, custkey, orderstatus FROM orders ORDER BY custkey ASC, orderkey ASC LIMIT 10");
        assertQueryOrdered("SELECT orderkey, custkey, orderstatus FROM orders ORDER BY custkey ASC, orderkey DESC LIMIT 10");
        assertQueryOrdered("SELECT orderkey, custkey, orderstatus FROM orders ORDER BY custkey DESC, orderkey ASC LIMIT 10");
        assertQueryOrdered("SELECT orderkey, custkey, orderstatus FROM orders ORDER BY custkey DESC, orderkey DESC LIMIT 10");

        // nulls first
        assertQueryOrdered("SELECT orderkey, custkey, orderstatus FROM orders ORDER BY nullif(orderkey, 3) ASC NULLS FIRST, custkey ASC LIMIT 10");
        assertQueryOrdered("SELECT orderkey, custkey, orderstatus FROM orders ORDER BY nullif(orderkey, 3) DESC NULLS FIRST, custkey ASC LIMIT 10");

        // nulls last
        assertQueryOrdered("SELECT orderkey, custkey, orderstatus FROM orders ORDER BY nullif(orderkey, 3) ASC NULLS LAST LIMIT 10");
        assertQueryOrdered("SELECT orderkey, custkey, orderstatus FROM orders ORDER BY nullif(orderkey, 3) DESC NULLS LAST, custkey ASC LIMIT 10");

        // assure that default is nulls last
        assertQueryOrdered(
                "SELECT orderkey, custkey, orderstatus FROM orders ORDER BY nullif(orderkey, 3) ASC, custkey ASC LIMIT 10",
                "SELECT orderkey, custkey, orderstatus FROM orders ORDER BY nullif(orderkey, 3) ASC NULLS LAST, custkey ASC LIMIT 10");
    }

    @Test
    public void testExchangeWithProjectionPushDown()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM \n" +
                        "  (SELECT orderkey + 1 orderkey FROM (SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 100)) o \n" +
                        "JOIN \n" +
                        "  (SELECT orderkey + 1 orderkey FROM (SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 100)) o1 \n" +
                        "ON (o.orderkey = o1.orderkey)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnionWithProjectionPushDown()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT key + 5, status FROM (SELECT orderkey key, orderstatus status FROM orders UNION ALL SELECT orderkey key, linestatus status FROM lineitem)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnion()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey FROM orders UNION SELECT custkey FROM orders");
        assertQuery("SELECT 123 UNION DISTINCT SELECT 123 UNION ALL SELECT 123");
        assertQuery("SELECT NULL UNION SELECT NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT NULL, NULL UNION ALL SELECT NULL, NULL FROM nation");
        assertQuery("SELECT 'x', 'y' UNION ALL SELECT name, name FROM nation");

        // mixed single-node vs fixed vs source-distributed
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey FROM orders UNION ALL SELECT 123 UNION ALL (SELECT custkey FROM orders GROUP BY custkey)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnionDistinct()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey FROM orders UNION DISTINCT SELECT custkey FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnionAll()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey FROM orders UNION ALL SELECT custkey FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnionArray()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT a[1] FROM (SELECT ARRAY[1] UNION ALL SELECT ARRAY[1]) t(a) LIMIT 1", "SELECT 1");
    }

    @Test
    public void testChainedUnionsWithOrder()
    {
        assertQueryOrdered(
                "SELECT orderkey FROM orders UNION (SELECT custkey FROM orders UNION SELECT linenumber FROM lineitem) UNION ALL SELECT orderkey FROM lineitem ORDER BY orderkey");
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnionWithTopN()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM (" +
                        "   SELECT regionkey FROM nation " +
                        "   UNION ALL " +
                        "   SELECT nationkey FROM nation" +
                        ") t(a) " +
                        "ORDER BY a LIMIT 1",
                "SELECT 0");
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnionWithJoin()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM (" +
                        "   SELECT orderdate ds, orderkey FROM orders " +
                        "   UNION ALL " +
                        "   SELECT shipdate ds, orderkey FROM lineitem) a " +
                        "JOIN orders o ON (a.orderkey = o.orderkey)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnionWithAggregation()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT regionkey, count(*) FROM (" +
                        "   SELECT regionkey FROM nation " +
                        "   UNION ALL " +
                        "   SELECT * FROM (VALUES 2, 100) t(regionkey)) " +
                        "GROUP BY regionkey",
                "SELECT * FROM (VALUES  (0, 5), (1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 5), (100, 1))");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT ds, count(*) FROM (" +
                        "   SELECT orderdate ds, orderkey FROM orders " +
                        "   UNION ALL " +
                        "   SELECT shipdate ds, orderkey FROM lineitem) a " +
                        "GROUP BY ds");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT ds, count(*) FROM (" +
                        "   SELECT orderdate ds, orderkey FROM orders " +
                        "   UNION " +
                        "   SELECT shipdate ds, orderkey FROM lineitem) a " +
                        "GROUP BY ds");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT ds, count(DISTINCT orderkey) FROM (" +
                        "   SELECT orderdate ds, orderkey FROM orders " +
                        "   UNION " +
                        "   SELECT shipdate ds, orderkey FROM lineitem) a " +
                        "GROUP BY ds");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT clerk, count(DISTINCT orderstatus) FROM (" +
                        "SELECT * FROM orders WHERE orderkey=0 " +
                        " UNION ALL " +
                        "SELECT * FROM orders WHERE orderkey<>0) " +
                        "GROUP BY clerk");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(clerk) FROM (" +
                        "SELECT clerk FROM orders WHERE orderkey=0 " +
                        " UNION ALL " +
                        "SELECT clerk FROM orders WHERE orderkey<>0) " +
                        "GROUP BY clerk");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(orderkey), sum(sc) FROM (" +
                        "    SELECT sum(custkey) sc, orderkey FROM (" +
                        "        SELECT custkey,orderkey, orderkey+1 FROM orders WHERE orderkey=0" +
                        "        UNION ALL " +
                        "        SELECT custkey,orderkey,orderkey+1 FROM orders WHERE orderkey<>0) " +
                        "    GROUP BY orderkey)");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(orderkey), sum(sc) FROM (\n" +
                        "    SELECT sum(custkey) sc, orderkey FROM (\n" +
                        "        SELECT custkey, orderkey, orderkey+1, orderstatus FROM orders WHERE orderkey=0\n" +
                        "        UNION ALL \n" +
                        "        SELECT custkey, orderkey, orderkey+1, orderstatus FROM orders WHERE orderkey<>0) \n" +
                        "    GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ((orderkey, orderstatus), (orderkey)))",
                "SELECT count(orderkey), sum(sc) FROM (\n" +
                        "    SELECT sum(custkey) sc, orderkey FROM (\n" +
                        "        SELECT custkey, orderkey, orderkey+1, orderstatus FROM orders WHERE orderkey=0\n" +
                        "        UNION ALL \n" +
                        "        SELECT custkey, orderkey, orderkey+1, orderstatus FROM orders WHERE orderkey<>0) \n" +
                        "    GROUP BY orderkey, orderstatus \n" +
                        "    \n" +
                        "    UNION ALL \n" +
                        "    \n" +
                        "    SELECT sum(custkey) sc, orderkey FROM (\n" +
                        "        SELECT custkey, orderkey, orderkey+1, orderstatus FROM orders WHERE orderkey=0\n" +
                        "        UNION ALL \n" +
                        "        SELECT custkey, orderkey, orderkey+1, orderstatus FROM orders WHERE orderkey<>0) \n" +
                        "    GROUP BY orderkey)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnionWithUnionAndAggregation()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM (" +
                        "SELECT 1 FROM nation GROUP BY regionkey " +
                        "UNION ALL " +
                        "SELECT 1 FROM (" +
                        "   SELECT 1 FROM nation " +
                        "   UNION ALL " +
                        "   SELECT 1 FROM nation))");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM (" +
                        "SELECT 1 FROM (" +
                        "   SELECT 1 FROM nation " +
                        "   UNION ALL " +
                        "   SELECT 1 FROM nation)" +
                        "UNION ALL " +
                        "SELECT 1 FROM nation GROUP BY regionkey)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnionWithAggregationAndTableScan()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT orderkey, 1 FROM orders " +
                        "UNION ALL " +
                        "SELECT orderkey, count(*) FROM orders GROUP BY 1",
                "SELECT orderkey, 1 FROM orders " +
                        "UNION ALL " +
                        "SELECT orderkey, count(*) FROM orders GROUP BY orderkey");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT orderkey, count(*) FROM orders GROUP BY 1 " +
                        "UNION ALL " +
                        "SELECT orderkey, 1 FROM orders",
                "SELECT orderkey, count(*) FROM orders GROUP BY orderkey " +
                        "UNION ALL " +
                        "SELECT orderkey, 1 FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnionWithAggregationAndJoin()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM ( " +
                        "SELECT orderkey, count(*) FROM (" +
                        "   SELECT orderdate ds, orderkey FROM orders " +
                        "   UNION ALL " +
                        "   SELECT shipdate ds, orderkey FROM lineitem) a " +
                        "GROUP BY orderkey) t " +
                        "JOIN orders o " +
                        "ON (o.orderkey = t.orderkey)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnionWithJoinOnNonTranslateableSymbols()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT *\n" +
                "FROM (SELECT orderdate ds, orderkey\n" +
                "      FROM orders\n" +
                "      UNION ALL\n" +
                "      SELECT shipdate ds, orderkey\n" +
                "      FROM lineitem) a\n" +
                "JOIN orders o\n" +
                "ON (substr(cast(a.ds AS VARCHAR), 6, 2) = substr(cast(o.orderdate AS VARCHAR), 6, 2) AND a.orderkey = o.orderkey)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testSubqueryUnion()
    {
        assertQueryOrdered("SELECT * FROM (SELECT orderkey FROM orders UNION SELECT custkey FROM orders UNION SELECT orderkey FROM orders) ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 1000");
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnionWithFilterNotInSelect()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey, orderdate FROM orders WHERE custkey < 1000 UNION ALL SELECT orderkey, shipdate FROM lineitem WHERE linenumber < 2000");
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey, orderdate FROM orders UNION ALL SELECT orderkey, shipdate FROM lineitem WHERE linenumber < 2000");
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey, orderdate FROM orders WHERE custkey < 1000 UNION ALL SELECT orderkey, shipdate FROM lineitem");
    }

    @Test
    public void testSelectOnlyUnion()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT 123, 'foo' UNION ALL SELECT 999, 'bar'");
    }

    @Test
    public void testMultiColumnUnionAll()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM orders UNION ALL SELECT * FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnionRequiringCoercion()
    {
        assertQuery("VALUES 1 UNION ALL VALUES 1.0, 2", "SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1.0, 2)");
        assertQuery("(VALUES 1) UNION ALL (VALUES 1.0, 2)", "SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1.0, 2)");
        assertQuery("SELECT 0, 0 UNION ALL SELECT 1.0, 0"); // This test case generates a RelationPlan whose .outputSymbols is different .root.outputSymbols
        assertQuery("SELECT 0, 0, 0, 0 UNION ALL SELECT 0.0, 0.0, 0, 0"); // This test case generates a RelationPlan where multiple positions share the same symbol
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1.0, 2)");

        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1) UNION SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1.0, 2)", "VALUES 1.0, 2.0"); // H2 produces incorrect result for the original query: 1.0 1.0 2.0
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM (VALUES (2, 2)) UNION SELECT * FROM (VALUES (1, 1.0))");
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM (VALUES (NULL, NULL)) UNION SELECT * FROM (VALUES (1, 1.0))");
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM (VALUES (NULL, NULL)) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (VALUES (NULL, 1.0))");

        // Cast varchar(1) -> varchar(4) for orderstatus in first source of union was not added. It was not done for type-only coercions.
        // Then as a result of predicate pushdown orderstatus (without cast) was compared with CAST('aaa' AS varchar(4)) which trigger checkArgument that
        // both types of comparison should be equal in DomainTranslator.
        assertQuery("SELECT a FROM " +
                "(" +
                "  (SELECT orderstatus AS a FROM orders LIMIT 1) " +
                "UNION ALL " +
                "  SELECT 'aaaa' AS a" +
                ") " +
                "WHERE  a = 'aaa'");
    }

    @Test
    public void testTableQuery()
    {
        assertQuery("TABLE orders", "SELECT * FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testTableQueryOrderLimit()
    {
        assertQueryOrdered("TABLE orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 10", "SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 10");
    }

    @Test
    public void testTableQueryInUnion()
    {
        assertQuery("(SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 10) UNION ALL TABLE orders", "(SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 10) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testTableAsSubquery()
    {
        assertQueryOrdered("(TABLE orders) ORDER BY orderkey", "(SELECT * FROM orders) ORDER BY orderkey");
    }

    @Test
    public void testLimitPushDown()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual(
                "(TABLE orders ORDER BY orderkey) UNION ALL " +
                        "SELECT * FROM orders WHERE orderstatus = 'F' UNION ALL " +
                        "(TABLE orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 20) UNION ALL " +
                        "(TABLE orders LIMIT 5) UNION ALL " +
                        "TABLE orders LIMIT 10");
        MaterializedResult all = computeExpected("SELECT * FROM orders", actual.getTypes());

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows().size(), 10);
        assertContains(all, actual);
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnaliasSymbolReferencesWithUnion()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT 1, 1, 'a', 'a' UNION ALL SELECT 1, 2, 'a', 'b'");
    }

    @Test
    public void testSameInPredicateInProjectionAndFilter()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT x IN (SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1))\n" +
                        "FROM (VALUES 1) t(x)\n" +
                        "WHERE x IN (SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1))",
                "SELECT 1");

        assertQuery("SELECT x IN (SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1))\n" +
                        "FROM (VALUES 2) t(x)\n" +
                        "WHERE x IN (SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1))",
                "SELECT 1 WHERE false");
    }

    @Test
    public void testScalarSubquery()
    {
        // nested
        assertQuery("SELECT (SELECT (SELECT (SELECT 1)))");

        // aggregation
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM lineitem WHERE orderkey = \n" +
                "(SELECT max(orderkey) FROM orders)");

        // no output
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM lineitem WHERE orderkey = \n" +
                "(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE 0=1)");

        // no output matching with null test
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM lineitem WHERE \n" +
                "(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE 0=1) " +
                "is null");
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM lineitem WHERE \n" +
                "(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE 0=1) " +
                "is not null");

        // subquery results and in in-predicate
        assertQuery("SELECT (SELECT 1) IN (1, 2, 3)");
        assertQuery("SELECT (SELECT 1) IN (   2, 3)");

        // multiple subqueries
        assertQuery("SELECT (SELECT 1) = (SELECT 3)");
        assertQuery("SELECT (SELECT 1) < (SELECT 3)");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM lineitem WHERE " +
                "(SELECT min(orderkey) FROM orders)" +
                "<" +
                "(SELECT max(orderkey) FROM orders)");
        assertQuery("SELECT (SELECT 1), (SELECT 2), (SELECT 3)");

        // distinct
        assertQuery("SELECT DISTINCT orderkey FROM lineitem " +
                "WHERE orderkey BETWEEN" +
                "   (SELECT avg(orderkey) FROM orders) - 10 " +
                "   AND" +
                "   (SELECT avg(orderkey) FROM orders) + 10");

        // subqueries with joins
        assertQuery("SELECT o1.orderkey, COUNT(*) " +
                "FROM orders o1 " +
                "INNER JOIN (SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 10) o2 " +
                "ON o1.orderkey " +
                "BETWEEN (SELECT avg(orderkey) FROM orders) - 10 AND (SELECT avg(orderkey) FROM orders) + 10 " +
                "GROUP BY o1.orderkey");
        assertQuery("SELECT o1.orderkey, COUNT(*) " +
                "FROM (SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 5) o1 " +
                "LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 10) o2 " +
                "ON o1.orderkey " +
                "BETWEEN (SELECT avg(orderkey) FROM orders) - 10 AND (SELECT avg(orderkey) FROM orders) + 10 " +
                "GROUP BY o1.orderkey");
        assertQuery("SELECT o1.orderkey, COUNT(*) " +
                "FROM orders o1 RIGHT JOIN (SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 10) o2 " +
                "ON o1.orderkey " +
                "BETWEEN (SELECT avg(orderkey) FROM orders) - 10 AND (SELECT avg(orderkey) FROM orders) + 10 " +
                "GROUP BY o1.orderkey");
        assertQuery("SELECT DISTINCT COUNT(*) " +
                        "FROM (SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 5) o1 " +
                        "FULL JOIN (SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 10) o2 " +
                        "ON o1.orderkey " +
                        "BETWEEN (SELECT avg(orderkey) FROM orders) - 10 AND (SELECT avg(orderkey) FROM orders) + 10 " +
                        "GROUP BY o1.orderkey",
                "VALUES 1, 10");

        // subqueries with ORDER BY
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey, totalprice FROM orders ORDER BY (SELECT 2)");

        // subquery returns multiple rows
        String multipleRowsErrorMsg = "Scalar sub-query has returned multiple rows";
        assertQueryFails("SELECT * FROM lineitem WHERE orderkey = (\n" +
                        "SELECT orderkey FROM orders ORDER BY totalprice)",
                multipleRowsErrorMsg);
        assertQueryFails("SELECT orderkey, totalprice FROM orders ORDER BY (VALUES 1, 2)",
                multipleRowsErrorMsg);

        // exposes a bug in optimize hash generation because EnforceSingleNode does not
        // support more than one column from the underlying query
        assertQuery("SELECT custkey, (SELECT DISTINCT custkey FROM orders ORDER BY custkey LIMIT 1) FROM orders");

        // cast scalar sub-query
        assertQuery("SELECT 1.0/(SELECT 1), CAST(1.0 AS REAL)/(SELECT 1), 1/(SELECT 1)");
        assertQuery("SELECT 1.0 = (SELECT 1) AND 1 = (SELECT 1), 2.0 = (SELECT 1) WHERE 1.0 = (SELECT 1) AND 1 = (SELECT 1)");
        assertQuery("SELECT 1.0 = (SELECT 1), 2.0 = (SELECT 1), CAST(2.0 AS REAL) = (SELECT 1) WHERE 1.0 = (SELECT 1)");

        // coerce correlated symbols
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1) t(a) WHERE 1=(SELECT count(*) WHERE 1.0 = a)", "SELECT 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1.0) t(a) WHERE 1=(SELECT count(*) WHERE 1 = a)", "SELECT 1.0");
    }

    @Test
    public void testExistsSubquery()
    {
        // nested
        assertQuery("SELECT EXISTS(SELECT NOT EXISTS(SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1)))");

        // aggregation
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM lineitem WHERE " +
                "EXISTS(SELECT max(orderkey) FROM orders)");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM lineitem WHERE " +
                "NOT EXISTS(SELECT max(orderkey) FROM orders)");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM lineitem WHERE " +
                "NOT EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE false)");

        // no output
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM lineitem WHERE " +
                "EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE false)");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM lineitem WHERE " +
                "NOT EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE false)");

        // exists with in-predicate
        assertQuery("SELECT (EXISTS(SELECT 1)) IN (false)", "SELECT false");
        assertQuery("SELECT (NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1)) IN (false)", "SELECT true");

        assertQuery("SELECT (EXISTS(SELECT 1)) IN (true, false)", "SELECT true");
        assertQuery("SELECT (NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1)) IN (true, false)", "SELECT true");

        assertQuery("SELECT (EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE false)) IN (true, false)", "SELECT true");
        assertQuery("SELECT (NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE false)) IN (true, false)", "SELECT true");

        assertQuery("SELECT (EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE false)) IN (false)", "SELECT true");
        assertQuery("SELECT (NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE false)) IN (false)", "SELECT false");

        // multiple exists
        assertQuery("SELECT (EXISTS(SELECT 1)) = (EXISTS(SELECT 1)) WHERE NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1)", "SELECT true WHERE false");
        assertQuery("SELECT (EXISTS(SELECT 1)) = (EXISTS(SELECT 3)) WHERE NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE false)", "SELECT true");
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM lineitem WHERE " +
                        "(EXISTS(SELECT min(orderkey) FROM orders))" +
                        "=" +
                        "(NOT EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE false))",
                "SELECT count(*) FROM lineitem");
        assertQuery("SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1), EXISTS(SELECT 1), EXISTS(SELECT 3), NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1), NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE false)");

        // distinct
        assertQuery("SELECT DISTINCT orderkey FROM lineitem " +
                "WHERE EXISTS(SELECT avg(orderkey) FROM orders)");

        // subqueries used with joins
        QueryTemplate.Parameter joinType = parameter("join_type");
        QueryTemplate.Parameter condition = parameter("condition");
        QueryTemplate queryTemplate = queryTemplate(
                "SELECT o1.orderkey, COUNT(*) " +
                        "FROM orders o1 %join_type% JOIN (SELECT * FROM orders LIMIT 10) o2 ON %condition% " +
                        "GROUP BY o1.orderkey ORDER BY o1.orderkey LIMIT 5",
                joinType,
                condition);
        List<QueryTemplate.Parameter> conditions = condition.of(
                "EXISTS(SELECT avg(orderkey) FROM orders)",
                "(SELECT avg(orderkey) FROM orders) > 3");
        for (QueryTemplate.Parameter actualCondition : conditions) {
            for (QueryTemplate.Parameter actualJoinType : joinType.of("", "LEFT", "RIGHT")) {
                assertQuery(queryTemplate.replace(actualJoinType, actualCondition));
            }
            assertQuery(
                    queryTemplate.replace(joinType.of("FULL"), actualCondition),
                    "VALUES (1, 10), (2, 10), (3, 10), (4, 10), (5, 10)");
        }

        // subqueries with ORDER BY
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey, totalprice FROM orders ORDER BY EXISTS(SELECT 2)");
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey, totalprice FROM orders ORDER BY NOT(EXISTS(SELECT 2))");
    }

    @Test
    public void testScalarSubqueryWithGroupBy()
    {
        // using the same subquery in query
        assertQuery("SELECT linenumber, min(orderkey), (SELECT max(orderkey) FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)" +
                "FROM lineitem " +
                "GROUP BY linenumber");

        assertQuery("SELECT linenumber, min(orderkey), (SELECT max(orderkey) FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)" +
                "FROM lineitem " +
                "GROUP BY linenumber, (SELECT max(orderkey) FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)");

        assertQuery("SELECT linenumber, min(orderkey) " +
                "FROM lineitem " +
                "GROUP BY linenumber, (SELECT max(orderkey) FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)");

        assertQuery("SELECT linenumber, min(orderkey) " +
                "FROM lineitem " +
                "GROUP BY linenumber " +
                "HAVING min(orderkey) < (SELECT avg(orderkey) FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)");

        assertQuery("SELECT linenumber, min(orderkey), (SELECT max(orderkey) FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)" +
                "FROM lineitem " +
                "GROUP BY linenumber, (SELECT max(orderkey) FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)" +
                "HAVING min(orderkey) < (SELECT max(orderkey) FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)");

        // using different subqueries
        assertQuery("SELECT linenumber, min(orderkey), (SELECT max(orderkey) FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)" +
                "FROM lineitem " +
                "GROUP BY linenumber, (SELECT sum(orderkey) FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)");

        assertQuery("SELECT linenumber, max(orderkey), (SELECT min(orderkey) FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 5)" +
                "FROM lineitem " +
                "GROUP BY linenumber " +
                "HAVING sum(orderkey) > (SELECT min(orderkey) FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)");

        assertQuery("SELECT linenumber, min(orderkey), (SELECT max(orderkey) FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)" +
                "FROM lineitem " +
                "GROUP BY linenumber, (SELECT count(orderkey) FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)" +
                "HAVING min(orderkey) < (SELECT sum(orderkey) FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testOutputInEnforceSingleRow()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT count(*) FROM (SELECT (SELECT 1))");
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM (SELECT (SELECT 1))");
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT * FROM (SELECT (SELECT 1, 2))",
                "line 1:23: Multiple columns returned by subquery are not yet supported. Found 2");
    }

    @Test
    public void testExistsSubqueryWithGroupBy()
    {
        // using the same subquery in query
        assertQuery("SELECT linenumber, min(orderkey), EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)" +
                "FROM lineitem " +
                "GROUP BY linenumber");

        assertQuery("SELECT linenumber, min(orderkey), EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)" +
                "FROM lineitem " +
                "GROUP BY linenumber, EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)");

        assertQuery("SELECT linenumber, min(orderkey) " +
                "FROM lineitem " +
                "GROUP BY linenumber, EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)");

        assertQuery("SELECT linenumber, min(orderkey) " +
                "FROM lineitem " +
                "GROUP BY linenumber " +
                "HAVING EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)");

        assertQuery("SELECT linenumber, min(orderkey), EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)" +
                "FROM lineitem " +
                "GROUP BY linenumber, EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)" +
                "HAVING EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)");

        // using different subqueries
        assertQuery("SELECT linenumber, min(orderkey), EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)" +
                "FROM lineitem " +
                "GROUP BY linenumber, EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 17)");

        assertQuery("SELECT linenumber, max(orderkey), EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 5)" +
                "FROM lineitem " +
                "GROUP BY linenumber " +
                "HAVING EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 7)");

        assertQuery("SELECT linenumber, min(orderkey), EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 17)" +
                "FROM lineitem " +
                "GROUP BY linenumber, EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 17)" +
                "HAVING EXISTS(SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey < 27)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCorrelatedScalarSubqueries()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT (SELECT n.nationkey) FROM nation n");
        assertQuery("SELECT (SELECT 2 * n.nationkey) FROM nation n");
        assertQuery("SELECT nationkey FROM nation n WHERE 2 = (SELECT 2 * n.nationkey)");
        assertQuery("SELECT nationkey FROM nation n ORDER BY (SELECT 2 * n.nationkey)");

        // group by
        assertQuery("SELECT max(n.regionkey), 2 * n.nationkey, (SELECT n.nationkey) FROM nation n GROUP BY n.nationkey");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(l.quantity), 2 * l.orderkey FROM lineitem l GROUP BY l.orderkey HAVING max(l.quantity) < (SELECT l.orderkey)");
        assertQuery("SELECT max(l.quantity), 2 * l.orderkey FROM lineitem l GROUP BY l.orderkey, (SELECT l.orderkey)");

        // join
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM nation n1 JOIN nation n2 ON n1.nationkey = (SELECT n2.nationkey)");
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT (SELECT l3.* FROM lineitem l2 CROSS JOIN (SELECT l1.orderkey) l3 LIMIT 1) FROM lineitem l1",
                UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);

        // subrelation
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT 1 FROM nation n WHERE 2 * nationkey - 1  = (SELECT * FROM (SELECT n.nationkey))",
                "SELECT 1"); // h2 fails to parse this query

        // two level of nesting
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM nation n WHERE 2 = (SELECT (SELECT 2 * n.nationkey))");

        // redundant LIMIT in subquery
        assertQuery("SELECT (SELECT count(*) FROM (VALUES (7,1)) t(orderkey, value) WHERE orderkey = corr_key LIMIT 1) FROM (values 7) t(corr_key)");

        // explicit LIMIT in subquery
        assertQuery("SELECT (SELECT count(*) FROM (VALUES (7,1)) t(orderkey, value) WHERE orderkey = corr_key GROUP BY value LIMIT 1) FROM (values 7) t(corr_key)");
        assertQueryFails("SELECT (SELECT count(*) FROM (VALUES (7,1), (7,2)) t(orderkey, value) WHERE orderkey = corr_key GROUP BY value LIMIT 1) FROM (values 7) t(corr_key)",
                UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);
    }

    @Test
    public void testCorrelatedNonAggregationScalarSubqueries()
    {
        String subqueryReturnedTooManyRows = "Scalar sub-query has returned multiple rows";

        assertQuery("SELECT (SELECT 1 WHERE a = 2) FROM (VALUES 1) t(a)", "SELECT null");
        assertQuery("SELECT (SELECT 2 WHERE a = 1) FROM (VALUES 1) t(a)", "SELECT 2");
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT (SELECT 2 FROM (VALUES 3, 4) WHERE a = 1) FROM (VALUES 1) t(a)",
                subqueryReturnedTooManyRows);

        // multiple subquery output projections
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT name FROM nation n WHERE 'AFRICA' = (SELECT 'bleh' FROM region WHERE regionkey > n.regionkey)",
                subqueryReturnedTooManyRows);
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT name FROM nation n WHERE 'AFRICA' = (SELECT name FROM region WHERE regionkey > n.regionkey)",
                subqueryReturnedTooManyRows);
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT name FROM nation n WHERE 1 = (SELECT 1 FROM region WHERE regionkey > n.regionkey)",
                subqueryReturnedTooManyRows);

        // correlation used in subquery output
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT name FROM nation n WHERE 'AFRICA' = (SELECT n.name FROM region WHERE regionkey > n.regionkey)",
                UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT (SELECT 2 WHERE o.orderkey = 1) FROM orders o ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 5",
                "VALUES 2, null, null, null, null");
        // outputs plain correlated orderkey symbol which causes ambiguity with outer query orderkey symbol
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT (SELECT o.orderkey WHERE o.orderkey = 1) FROM orders o ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 5",
                UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT (SELECT o.orderkey * 2 WHERE o.orderkey = 1) FROM orders o ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 5",
                UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);
        // correlation used outside the subquery
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT o.orderkey, (SELECT o.orderkey * 2 WHERE o.orderkey = 1) FROM orders o ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 5",
                UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);

        // aggregation with having

        // correlation in predicate
        assertQuery("SELECT name FROM nation n WHERE 'AFRICA' = (SELECT name FROM region WHERE regionkey = n.regionkey)");

        // same correlation in predicate and projection
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT nationkey FROM nation n WHERE " +
                        "(SELECT n.regionkey * 2 FROM region r WHERE n.regionkey = r.regionkey) > 6",
                UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);

        // different correlation in predicate and projection
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT nationkey FROM nation n WHERE " +
                        "(SELECT n.nationkey * 2 FROM region r WHERE n.regionkey = r.regionkey) > 6",
                UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);

        // correlation used in subrelation
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT nationkey FROM nation n WHERE " +
                        "(SELECT regionkey * 2 FROM (SELECT regionkey FROM region r WHERE n.regionkey = r.regionkey)) > 6 " +
                        "ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 3",
                "VALUES 4, 10, 11"); // h2 didn't make it

        // with duplicated rows
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT (SELECT name FROM nation WHERE nationkey = a) FROM (VALUES 1, 1, 2, 3) t(a)",
                "VALUES 'ARGENTINA', 'ARGENTINA', 'BRAZIL', 'CANADA'"); // h2 didn't make it

        // returning null when nothing matched
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT (SELECT name FROM nation WHERE nationkey = a) FROM (VALUES 31) t(a)",
                "VALUES null");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT (SELECT r.name FROM nation n, region r WHERE r.regionkey = n.regionkey AND n.nationkey = a) FROM (VALUES 1) t(a)",
                "VALUES 'AMERICA'");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCorrelatedScalarSubqueriesWithScalarAggregationAndEqualityPredicatesInWhere()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT (SELECT count(*) WHERE o.orderkey = 1) FROM orders o");
        assertQuery("SELECT count(*) FROM orders o WHERE 1 = (SELECT count(*) WHERE o.orderkey = 0)");
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM orders o ORDER BY (SELECT count(*) WHERE o.orderkey = 0)");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM nation n WHERE " +
                        "(SELECT count(*) FROM region r WHERE n.regionkey = r.regionkey) > 1");
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM nation n WHERE " +
                        "(SELECT avg(a) FROM (SELECT count(*) FROM region r WHERE n.regionkey = r.regionkey) t(a)) > 1",
                UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);

        // with duplicated rows
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT (SELECT count(*) WHERE a = 1) FROM (VALUES 1, 1, 2, 3) t(a)",
                "VALUES true, true, false, false");

        // group by
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(o.totalprice), o.orderkey, (SELECT count(*) WHERE o.orderkey = 0) " +
                        "FROM orders o GROUP BY o.orderkey");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(o.totalprice), o.orderkey " +
                        "FROM orders o GROUP BY o.orderkey HAVING 1 = (SELECT count(*) WHERE o.orderkey = 0)");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(o.totalprice), o.orderkey FROM orders o " +
                        "GROUP BY o.orderkey, (SELECT count(*) WHERE o.orderkey = 0)");

        // join
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) " +
                        "FROM (SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 10) o1 " +
                        "JOIN (SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 5) o2 " +
                        "ON NOT 1 = (SELECT count(*) WHERE o1.orderkey = o2.orderkey)");
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM orders o1 LEFT JOIN orders o2 " +
                        "ON NOT 1 = (SELECT count(*) WHERE o1.orderkey = o2.orderkey)",
                "line .*: Correlated subquery in given context is not supported");

        // subrelation
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM orders o " +
                        "WHERE 1 = (SELECT * FROM (SELECT (SELECT count(*) WHERE o.orderkey = 0)))",
                "SELECT count(*) FROM orders o WHERE o.orderkey = 0");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCorrelatedScalarSubqueriesWithScalarAggregation()
    {
        // projection
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT (SELECT round(3 * avg(i.a)) FROM (VALUES 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4) i(a) WHERE i.a < o.a AND i.a < 4) " +
                        "FROM (VALUES 0, 3, 3, 5) o(a)",
                "VALUES null, 4, 4, 5");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM orders o " +
                        "WHERE (SELECT avg(i.orderkey) FROM orders i " +
                        "WHERE o.orderkey < i.orderkey AND i.orderkey % 10000 = 0) > 100",
                "VALUES 14999"); // h2 is slow

        // order by
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT orderkey FROM orders o " +
                        "ORDER BY " +
                        "   (SELECT avg(i.orderkey) FROM orders i WHERE o.orderkey < i.orderkey AND i.orderkey % 10000 = 0), " +
                        "   orderkey " +
                        "LIMIT 1",
                "VALUES 1"); // h2 is slow

        // group by
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(o.orderdate), o.orderkey, " +
                        "(SELECT avg(i.orderkey) FROM orders i WHERE o.orderkey < i.orderkey AND i.orderkey % 10000 = 0) " +
                        "FROM orders o GROUP BY o.orderkey ORDER BY o.orderkey LIMIT 1",
                "VALUES ('1996-01-02', 1, 40000)"); // h2 is slow
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(o.orderdate), o.orderkey " +
                        "FROM orders o " +
                        "GROUP BY o.orderkey " +
                        "HAVING 40000 < (SELECT avg(i.orderkey) FROM orders i WHERE o.orderkey < i.orderkey AND i.orderkey % 10000 = 0)" +
                        "ORDER BY o.orderkey LIMIT 1",
                "VALUES ('1996-07-24', 20000)"); // h2 is slow
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(o.orderdate), o.orderkey FROM orders o " +
                        "GROUP BY o.orderkey, (SELECT avg(i.orderkey) FROM orders i WHERE o.orderkey < i.orderkey AND i.orderkey % 10000 = 0)" +
                        "ORDER BY o.orderkey LIMIT 1",
                "VALUES ('1996-01-02', 1)"); // h2 is slow

        // join
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) " +
                        "FROM (SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 10) o1 " +
                        "JOIN (SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 5) o2 " +
                        "ON NOT 1 = (SELECT avg(i.orderkey) FROM orders i WHERE o1.orderkey < o2.orderkey AND i.orderkey % 10000 = 0)");
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM orders o1 LEFT JOIN orders o2 " +
                        "ON NOT 1 = (SELECT avg(i.orderkey) FROM orders i WHERE o1.orderkey < o2.orderkey)",
                "line .*: Correlated subquery in given context is not supported");

        // subrelation
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM orders o " +
                        "WHERE 100 < (SELECT * " +
                        "FROM (SELECT (SELECT avg(i.orderkey) FROM orders i WHERE o.orderkey < i.orderkey AND i.orderkey % 10000 = 0)))",
                "VALUES 14999"); // h2 is slow

        // consecutive correlated subqueries with scalar aggregation
        assertQuery("SELECT " +
                "(SELECT avg(regionkey) " +
                " FROM nation n2" +
                " WHERE n2.nationkey = n1.nationkey)," +
                "(SELECT avg(regionkey)" +
                " FROM nation n3" +
                " WHERE n3.nationkey = n1.nationkey)" +
                "FROM nation n1");
        assertQuery("SELECT" +
                "(SELECT avg(regionkey)" +
                " FROM nation n2 " +
                " WHERE n2.nationkey = n1.nationkey)," +
                "(SELECT avg(regionkey)+1 " +
                " FROM nation n3 " +
                " WHERE n3.nationkey = n1.nationkey)" +
                "FROM nation n1");

        //count in subquery
        assertQuery("SELECT * " +
                        "FROM (VALUES (0),( 1), (2), (7)) AS v1(c1) " +
                        "WHERE v1.c1 > (SELECT count(c1) FROM (VALUES (0),( 1), (2)) AS v2(c1) WHERE v1.c1 = v2.c1)",
                "VALUES (2), (7)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCorrelatedInPredicateSubqueries()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey, clerk IN (SELECT clerk FROM orders s WHERE s.custkey = o.custkey AND s.orderkey < o.orderkey) FROM orders o");
        assertQuery("SELECT orderkey FROM orders o WHERE clerk IN (SELECT clerk FROM orders s WHERE s.custkey = o.custkey AND s.orderkey < o.orderkey)");

        // all cases of IN (as one test query to avoid pruning, over-eager push down)
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT t1.a, t1.b, " +
                        "  t1.b in (SELECT t2.b " +
                        "    FROM (values (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 0), (30,NULL)) t2(a, b) " +
                        "    WHERE t1.a - 5 <= t2.a and t2.a <= t1.a and 0 <= t2.a) " +
                        "from (values (1,1), (2,4), (3,5), (4,NULL), (30,2), (40,NULL) ) t1(a, b) " +
                        "order by t1.a",
                "VALUES (1,1,FALSE), (2,4,TRUE), (3,5,FALSE), (4,NULL,NULL), (30,2,NULL), (40,NULL,FALSE)");

        // subquery with LIMIT (correlated filter below any unhandled node type)
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT orderkey FROM orders o WHERE clerk IN (SELECT clerk FROM orders s WHERE s.custkey = o.custkey AND s.orderkey < o.orderkey ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 1)",
                UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);

        assertQueryFails("SELECT 1 IN (SELECT l.orderkey) FROM lineitem l", UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);
        assertQueryFails("SELECT 1 IN (SELECT 2 * l.orderkey) FROM lineitem l", UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);
        assertQueryFails("SELECT * FROM lineitem l WHERE 1 IN (SELECT 2 * l.orderkey)", UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);
        assertQueryFails("SELECT * FROM lineitem l ORDER BY 1 IN (SELECT 2 * l.orderkey)", UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);

        // group by
        assertQueryFails("SELECT max(l.quantity), 2 * l.orderkey, 1 IN (SELECT l.orderkey) FROM lineitem l GROUP BY l.orderkey", UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);
        assertQueryFails("SELECT max(l.quantity), 2 * l.orderkey FROM lineitem l GROUP BY l.orderkey HAVING max(l.quantity) IN (SELECT l.orderkey)", UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);
        assertQueryFails("SELECT max(l.quantity), 2 * l.orderkey FROM lineitem l GROUP BY l.orderkey, 1 IN (SELECT l.orderkey)", UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);

        // join
        assertQueryFails("SELECT * FROM lineitem l1 JOIN lineitem l2 ON l1.orderkey IN (SELECT l2.orderkey)", UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);

        // subrelation
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT * FROM lineitem l WHERE (SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1 IN (SELECT 2 * l.orderkey)))",
                UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);

        // two level of nesting
        assertQueryFails("SELECT * FROM lineitem l WHERE true IN (SELECT 1 IN (SELECT 2 * l.orderkey))", UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);
    }

    @Test
    public void testCorrelatedExistsSubqueriesWithPrunedCorrelationSymbols()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT EXISTS(SELECT o.orderkey) FROM orders o");
        assertQuery("SELECT count(*) FROM orders o WHERE EXISTS(SELECT o.orderkey)");
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM orders o ORDER BY EXISTS(SELECT o.orderkey)");

        // group by
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(o.totalprice), o.orderkey, EXISTS(SELECT o.orderkey) FROM orders o GROUP BY o.orderkey");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(o.totalprice), o.orderkey " +
                        "FROM orders o GROUP BY o.orderkey HAVING EXISTS (SELECT o.orderkey)");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(o.totalprice), o.orderkey FROM orders o GROUP BY o.orderkey, EXISTS (SELECT o.orderkey)");

        // join
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM orders o JOIN (SELECT * FROM lineitem ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 2) l " +
                        "ON NOT EXISTS(SELECT o.orderkey = l.orderkey)");

        // subrelation
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM orders o WHERE (SELECT * FROM (SELECT EXISTS(SELECT o.orderkey)))",
                "VALUES 15000");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCorrelatedExistsSubqueriesWithEqualityPredicatesInWhere()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE o.orderkey = 1) FROM orders o");
        assertQuery("SELECT EXISTS(SELECT null WHERE o.orderkey = 1) FROM orders o");
        assertQuery("SELECT count(*) FROM orders o WHERE EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE o.orderkey = 0)");
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM orders o ORDER BY EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE o.orderkey = 0)");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM orders o " +
                        "WHERE EXISTS (SELECT avg(l.orderkey) FROM lineitem l WHERE o.orderkey = l.orderkey)");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM orders o " +
                        "WHERE EXISTS (SELECT avg(l.orderkey) FROM lineitem l WHERE o.orderkey = l.orderkey GROUP BY l.linenumber)");
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM orders o " +
                        "WHERE EXISTS (SELECT count(*) FROM lineitem l WHERE o.orderkey = l.orderkey HAVING count(*) > 3)",
                UNSUPPORTED_CORRELATED_SUBQUERY_ERROR_MSG);

        // with duplicated rows
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE a = 1) FROM (VALUES 1, 1, 2, 3) t(a)",
                "VALUES true, true, false, false");

        // group by
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(o.totalprice), o.orderkey, EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE o.orderkey = 0) " +
                        "FROM orders o GROUP BY o.orderkey");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(o.totalprice), o.orderkey " +
                        "FROM orders o GROUP BY o.orderkey HAVING EXISTS (SELECT 1 WHERE o.orderkey = 0)");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(o.totalprice), o.orderkey " +
                        "FROM orders o GROUP BY o.orderkey, EXISTS (SELECT 1 WHERE o.orderkey = 0)");

        // join
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) " +
                        "FROM (SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 10) o1 " +
                        "JOIN (SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 5) o2 " +
                        "ON NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE o1.orderkey = o2.orderkey)");
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM orders o1 LEFT JOIN orders o2 " +
                        "ON NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE o1.orderkey = o2.orderkey)",
                "line .*: Correlated subquery in given context is not supported");

        // subrelation
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM orders o WHERE (SELECT * FROM (SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE o.orderkey = 0)))",
                "SELECT count(*) FROM orders o WHERE o.orderkey = 0");

        // not exists
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM customer WHERE NOT EXISTS(SELECT * FROM orders WHERE orders.custkey=customer.custkey)",
                "VALUES 500");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCorrelatedExistsSubqueries()
    {
        // projection
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM (VALUES 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4) i(a) WHERE i.a < o.a AND i.a < 4) " +
                        "FROM (VALUES 0, 3, 3, 5) o(a)",
                "VALUES false, true, true, true");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE l.orderkey > 0 OR l.orderkey != 3) " +
                        "FROM lineitem l LIMIT 1");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM orders o " +
                        "WHERE EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM orders i WHERE o.orderkey < i.orderkey AND i.orderkey % 1000 = 0)",
                "VALUES 14999"); // h2 is slow
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM lineitem l " +
                        "WHERE EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE l.orderkey > 0 OR l.orderkey != 3)");

        // order by
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT orderkey FROM orders o ORDER BY " +
                        "EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM orders i WHERE o.orderkey < i.orderkey AND i.orderkey % 10000 = 0)" +
                        "LIMIT 1",
                "VALUES 60000"); // h2 is slow
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT orderkey FROM lineitem l ORDER BY " +
                        "EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE l.orderkey > 0 OR l.orderkey != 3)");

        // group by
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(o.orderdate), o.orderkey, " +
                        "EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM orders i WHERE o.orderkey < i.orderkey AND i.orderkey % 10000 = 0) " +
                        "FROM orders o GROUP BY o.orderkey ORDER BY o.orderkey LIMIT 1",
                "VALUES ('1996-01-02', 1, true)"); // h2 is slow
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(o.orderdate), o.orderkey " +
                        "FROM orders o " +
                        "GROUP BY o.orderkey " +
                        "HAVING EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM orders i WHERE o.orderkey < i.orderkey AND i.orderkey % 10000 = 0)" +
                        "ORDER BY o.orderkey LIMIT 1",
                "VALUES ('1996-01-02', 1)"); // h2 is slow
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(o.orderdate), o.orderkey FROM orders o " +
                        "GROUP BY o.orderkey, EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM orders i WHERE o.orderkey < i.orderkey AND i.orderkey % 10000 = 0)" +
                        "ORDER BY o.orderkey LIMIT 1",
                "VALUES ('1996-01-02', 1)"); // h2 is slow
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(l.quantity), l.orderkey, EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE l.orderkey > 0 OR l.orderkey != 3) FROM lineitem l " +
                        "GROUP BY l.orderkey");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(l.quantity), l.orderkey FROM lineitem l " +
                        "GROUP BY l.orderkey " +
                        "HAVING EXISTS (SELECT 1 WHERE l.orderkey > 0 OR l.orderkey != 3)");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT max(l.quantity), l.orderkey FROM lineitem l " +
                        "GROUP BY l.orderkey, EXISTS (SELECT 1 WHERE l.orderkey > 0 OR l.orderkey != 3)");

        // join
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) " +
                        "FROM (SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 10) o1 " +
                        "JOIN (SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 5) o2 " +
                        "ON NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM orders i WHERE o1.orderkey < o2.orderkey AND i.orderkey % 10000 = 0)");
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM orders o1 LEFT JOIN orders o2 " +
                        "ON NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM orders i WHERE o1.orderkey < o2.orderkey)",
                "line .*: Correlated subquery in given context is not supported");

        // subrelation
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM orders o " +
                        "WHERE (SELECT * FROM (SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM orders i WHERE o.orderkey < i.orderkey AND i.orderkey % 10000 = 0)))",
                "VALUES 14999"); // h2 is slow
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM orders o " +
                        "WHERE (SELECT * FROM (SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE o.orderkey > 10 OR o.orderkey != 3)))",
                "VALUES 14999");
    }

    @Test
    public void testTwoCorrelatedExistsSubqueries()
    {
        // This is simpliefied TPC-H q21
        assertQuery("SELECT\n" +
                        "  count(*) AS numwait\n" +
                        "FROM\n" +
                        "  nation l1\n" +
                        "WHERE\n" +
                        "  EXISTS(\n" +
                        "    SELECT *\n" +
                        "    FROM\n" +
                        "      nation l2\n" +
                        "    WHERE\n" +
                        "      l2.nationkey = l1.nationkey\n" +
                        "  )\n" +
                        "  AND NOT EXISTS(\n" +
                        "    SELECT *\n" +
                        "    FROM\n" +
                        "      nation l3\n" +
                        "    WHERE\n" +
                        "      l3.nationkey= l1.nationkey\n" +
                        "  )\n",
                "VALUES 0"); // EXISTS predicates are contradictory
    }

    @Test
    public void testPredicatePushdown()
    {
        assertQuery("" +
                "SELECT *\n" +
                "FROM (\n" +
                "  SELECT orderkey+1 AS a FROM orders WHERE orderstatus = 'F' UNION ALL \n" +
                "  SELECT orderkey FROM orders WHERE orderkey % 2 = 0 UNION ALL \n" +
                "  (SELECT orderkey+custkey FROM orders ORDER BY orderkey LIMIT 10)\n" +
                ") \n" +
                "WHERE a < 20 OR a > 100 \n" +
                "ORDER BY a");
    }

    @Test
    public void testGroupByKeyPredicatePushdown()
    {
        assertQuery("" +
                "SELECT *\n" +
                "FROM (\n" +
                "  SELECT custkey1, orderstatus1, SUM(totalprice1) totalprice, MAX(custkey2) maxcustkey\n" +
                "  FROM (\n" +
                "    SELECT *\n" +
                "    FROM (\n" +
                "      SELECT custkey custkey1, orderstatus orderstatus1, CAST(totalprice AS BIGINT) totalprice1, orderkey orderkey1\n" +
                "      FROM orders\n" +
                "    ) orders1 \n" +
                "    JOIN (\n" +
                "      SELECT custkey custkey2, orderstatus orderstatus2, CAST(totalprice AS BIGINT) totalprice2, orderkey orderkey2\n" +
                "      FROM orders\n" +
                "    ) orders2 ON orders1.orderkey1 = orders2.orderkey2\n" +
                "  ) \n" +
                "  GROUP BY custkey1, orderstatus1\n" +
                ")\n" +
                "WHERE custkey1 = maxcustkey\n" +
                "AND maxcustkey % 2 = 0 \n" +
                "AND orderstatus1 = 'F'\n" +
                "AND totalprice > 10000\n" +
                "ORDER BY custkey1, orderstatus1, totalprice, maxcustkey");
    }

    @Test
    public void testTrivialNonDeterministicPredicatePushdown()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) WHERE rand() >= 0");
    }

    @Test
    public void testNonDeterministicTableScanPredicatePushdown()
    {
        MaterializedResult materializedResult = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT COUNT(*)\n" +
                "FROM (\n" +
                "  SELECT *\n" +
                "  FROM lineitem\n" +
                "  LIMIT 1000\n" +
                ")\n" +
                "WHERE rand() > 0.5");
        MaterializedRow row = getOnlyElement(materializedResult.getMaterializedRows());
        assertEquals(row.getFieldCount(), 1);
        long count = (Long) row.getField(0);
        // Technically non-deterministic unit test but has essentially a next to impossible chance of a false positive
        assertTrue(count > 0 && count < 1000);
    }

    @Test
    public void testNonDeterministicAggregationPredicatePushdown()
    {
        MaterializedResult materializedResult = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT COUNT(*)\n" +
                "FROM (\n" +
                "  SELECT orderkey, COUNT(*)\n" +
                "  FROM lineitem\n" +
                "  GROUP BY orderkey\n" +
                "  LIMIT 1000\n" +
                ")\n" +
                "WHERE rand() > 0.5");
        MaterializedRow row = getOnlyElement(materializedResult.getMaterializedRows());
        assertEquals(row.getFieldCount(), 1);
        long count = (Long) row.getField(0);
        // Technically non-deterministic unit test but has essentially a next to impossible chance of a false positive
        assertTrue(count > 0 && count < 1000);
    }

    @Test
    public void testUnionAllPredicateMoveAroundWithOverlappingProjections()
    {
        assertQuery("" +
                "SELECT COUNT(*)\n" +
                "FROM (\n" +
                "  SELECT orderkey AS x, orderkey AS y\n" +
                "  FROM orders\n" +
                "  WHERE orderkey % 3 = 0\n" +
                "  UNION ALL\n" +
                "  SELECT orderkey AS x, orderkey AS y\n" +
                "  FROM orders\n" +
                "  WHERE orderkey % 2 = 0\n" +
                ") a\n" +
                "JOIN (\n" +
                "  SELECT orderkey AS x, orderkey AS y\n" +
                "  FROM orders\n" +
                ") b\n" +
                "ON a.x = b.x");
    }

    @Test
    public void testTableSampleBernoulliBoundaryValues()
    {
        MaterializedResult fullSample = computeActual("SELECT orderkey FROM orders TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI (100)");
        MaterializedResult emptySample = computeActual("SELECT orderkey FROM orders TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI (0)");
        MaterializedResult all = computeExpected("SELECT orderkey FROM orders", fullSample.getTypes());

        assertContains(all, fullSample);
        assertEquals(emptySample.getMaterializedRows().size(), 0);
    }

    @Test
    public void testTableSampleBernoulli()
    {
        DescriptiveStatistics stats = new DescriptiveStatistics();

        int total = computeExpected("SELECT orderkey FROM orders", ImmutableList.of(BIGINT)).getMaterializedRows().size();

        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
            List<MaterializedRow> values = computeActual("SELECT orderkey FROM orders TABLESAMPLE BERNOULLI (50)").getMaterializedRows();

            assertEquals(values.size(), ImmutableSet.copyOf(values).size(), "TABLESAMPLE produced duplicate rows");
            stats.addValue(values.size() * 1.0 / total);
        }

        double mean = stats.getGeometricMean();
        assertTrue(mean > 0.45 && mean < 0.55, format("Expected mean sampling rate to be ~0.5, but was %s", mean));
    }

    @Test
    public void testFunctionNotRegistered()
    {
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT length(1)",
                "\\Qline 1:8: Unexpected parameters (integer) for function length. Expected:\\E.*");
    }

    @Test
    public void testFunctionArgumentTypeConstraint()
    {
        assertQueryFails(
                "SELECT greatest(rgb(255, 0, 0))",
                "\\Qline 1:8: Unexpected parameters (color) for function greatest. Expected: greatest(E) E:orderable\\E.*");
    }

    @Test
    public void testTypeMismatch()
    {
        assertQueryFails("SELECT 1 <> 'x'", "\\Qline 1:10: '<>' cannot be applied to integer, varchar(1)\\E");
    }

    @Test
    public void testInvalidType()
    {
        assertQueryFails("SELECT CAST(null AS array(foo))", "\\Qline 1:8: Unknown type: array(foo)\\E");
    }

    @Test
    public void testInvalidTypeInfixOperator()
    {
        // Comment on why error message references varchar(214783647) instead of varchar(2) which seems expected result type for concatenation in expression.
        // Currently variable argument functions do not play well with arguments using parametrized types.
        // The variable argument functions mechanism requires that all the arguments are of exactly same type. We cannot enforce that base must match but parameters may differ.
        assertQueryFails("SELECT ('a' || 'z') + (3 * 4) / 5", "\\Qline 1:21: '+' cannot be applied to varchar, integer\\E");
    }

    @Test
    public void testInvalidTypeBetweenOperator()
    {
        assertQueryFails("SELECT 'a' BETWEEN 3 AND 'z'", "\\Qline 1:12: Cannot check if varchar(1) is BETWEEN integer and varchar(1)\\E");
    }

    @Test
    public void testInvalidTypeArray()
    {
        assertQueryFails("SELECT ARRAY[1, 2, 'a']", "\\Qline 1:20: All ARRAY elements must be the same type: integer\\E");
    }

    @Test
    public void testArrayShuffle()
    {
        List<Integer> expected = IntStream.rangeClosed(1, 500).boxed().collect(toList());
        Set<List<Integer>> distinctResults = new HashSet<>();

        distinctResults.add(expected);
        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
            MaterializedResult results = computeActual(format("SELECT shuffle(ARRAY %s) FROM orders LIMIT 10", expected));
            List<MaterializedRow> rows = results.getMaterializedRows();
            assertEquals(rows.size(), 10);

            for (MaterializedRow row : rows) {
                List<Integer> actual = (List<Integer>) row.getField(0);

                // check if the result is a correct permutation
                assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual, expected);

                distinctResults.add(actual);
            }
        }
        assertTrue(distinctResults.size() >= 24, "shuffle must produce at least 24 distinct results");
    }

    @Test
    public void testNonReservedTimeWords()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT TIME, TIMESTAMP, DATE, INTERVAL FROM (SELECT 1 TIME, 2 TIMESTAMP, 3 DATE, 4 INTERVAL)",
                "VALUES (1, 2, 3, 4)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCustomAdd()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT custom_add(orderkey, custkey) FROM orders",
                "SELECT orderkey + custkey FROM orders");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCustomSum()
    {
        @Language("SQL") String sql = "SELECT orderstatus, custom_sum(orderkey) FROM orders GROUP BY orderstatus";
        assertQuery(sql, sql.replace("custom_sum", "sum"));
    }

    @Test
    public void testCustomRank()
    {
        @Language("SQL") String sql = "" +
                "SELECT orderstatus, clerk, sales\n" +
                ", custom_rank() OVER (PARTITION BY orderstatus ORDER BY sales DESC) rnk\n" +
                "FROM (\n" +
                "  SELECT orderstatus, clerk, sum(totalprice) sales\n" +
                "  FROM orders\n" +
                "  GROUP BY orderstatus, clerk\n" +
                ")\n" +
                "ORDER BY orderstatus, clerk";

        assertEquals(computeActual(sql), computeActual(sql.replace("custom_rank", "rank")));
    }

    @Test
    public void testApproxSetBigint()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT cardinality(approx_set(custkey)) FROM orders");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), BIGINT)
                .row(1002L)
                .build();

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testApproxSetVarchar()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT cardinality(approx_set(CAST(custkey AS VARCHAR))) FROM orders");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), BIGINT)
                .row(1024L)
                .build();

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testApproxSetDouble()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT cardinality(approx_set(CAST(custkey AS DOUBLE))) FROM orders");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), BIGINT)
                .row(1014L)
                .build();

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testApproxSetBigintGroupBy()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderstatus, cardinality(approx_set(custkey)) " +
                "FROM orders " +
                "GROUP BY orderstatus");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), actual.getTypes())
                .row("O", 1001L)
                .row("F", 998L)
                .row("P", 304L)
                .build();

        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testApproxSetVarcharGroupBy()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderstatus, cardinality(approx_set(CAST(custkey AS VARCHAR))) " +
                "FROM orders " +
                "GROUP BY orderstatus");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), actual.getTypes())
                .row("O", 1021L)
                .row("F", 1019L)
                .row("P", 304L)
                .build();

        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testApproxSetDoubleGroupBy()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderstatus, cardinality(approx_set(CAST(custkey AS DOUBLE))) " +
                "FROM orders " +
                "GROUP BY orderstatus");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), actual.getTypes())
                .row("O", 1011L)
                .row("F", 1011L)
                .row("P", 304L)
                .build();

        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testApproxSetWithNulls()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT cardinality(approx_set(IF(orderstatus = 'O', custkey))) FROM orders");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), actual.getTypes())
                .row(1001L)
                .build();

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testApproxSetOnlyNulls()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT cardinality(approx_set(null)) FROM orders");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), actual.getTypes())
                .row(new Object[] {null})
                .build();

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testApproxSetGroupByWithOnlyNullsInOneGroup()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderstatus, cardinality(approx_set(IF(orderstatus != 'O', custkey))) " +
                "FROM orders " +
                "GROUP BY orderstatus");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), actual.getTypes())
                .row("O", null)
                .row("F", 998L)
                .row("P", 304L)
                .build();

        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testApproxSetGroupByWithNulls()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderstatus, cardinality(approx_set(IF(custkey % 2 <> 0, custkey))) " +
                "FROM orders " +
                "GROUP BY orderstatus");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), actual.getTypes())
                .row("O", 499L)
                .row("F", 496L)
                .row("P", 153L)
                .build();

        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testMergeHyperLogLog()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT cardinality(merge(create_hll(custkey))) FROM orders");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), BIGINT)
                .row(1002L)
                .build();

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testMergeHyperLogLogGroupBy()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderstatus, cardinality(merge(create_hll(custkey))) " +
                "FROM orders " +
                "GROUP BY orderstatus");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), actual.getTypes())
                .row("O", 1001L)
                .row("F", 998L)
                .row("P", 304L)
                .build();

        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testMergeHyperLogLogWithNulls()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT cardinality(merge(create_hll(IF(orderstatus = 'O', custkey)))) FROM orders");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), BIGINT)
                .row(1001L)
                .build();

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testMergeHyperLogLogGroupByWithNulls()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderstatus, cardinality(merge(create_hll(IF(orderstatus != 'O', custkey)))) " +
                "FROM orders " +
                "GROUP BY orderstatus");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), actual.getTypes())
                .row("O", null)
                .row("F", 998L)
                .row("P", 304L)
                .build();

        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testMergeHyperLogLogOnlyNulls()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT cardinality(merge(CAST (null AS HyperLogLog))) FROM orders");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), BIGINT)
                .row(new Object[] {null})
                .build();

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testEmptyApproxSet()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT cardinality(empty_approx_set())");
        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), BIGINT)
                .row(0L)
                .build();
        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testMergeEmptyApproxSet()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT cardinality(merge(empty_approx_set())) FROM orders");
        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), BIGINT)
                .row(0L)
                .build();
        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testMergeEmptyNonEmptyApproxSet()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT cardinality(merge(c)) FROM (SELECT create_hll(custkey) c FROM orders UNION ALL SELECT empty_approx_set())");
        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), BIGINT)
                .row(1002L)
                .build();
        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testP4ApproxSetBigint()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT cardinality(cast(approx_set(custkey) AS P4HYPERLOGLOG)) FROM orders");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), BIGINT)
                .row(1002L)
                .build();

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testP4ApproxSetVarchar()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT cardinality(cast(approx_set(CAST(custkey AS VARCHAR)) AS P4HYPERLOGLOG)) FROM orders");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), BIGINT)
                .row(1024L)
                .build();

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testP4ApproxSetDouble()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT cardinality(cast(approx_set(CAST(custkey AS DOUBLE)) AS P4HYPERLOGLOG)) FROM orders");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), BIGINT)
                .row(1014L)
                .build();

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testP4ApproxSetBigintGroupBy()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderstatus, cardinality(cast(approx_set(custkey) AS P4HYPERLOGLOG)) " +
                "FROM orders " +
                "GROUP BY orderstatus");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), actual.getTypes())
                .row("O", 1001L)
                .row("F", 998L)
                .row("P", 308L)
                .build();

        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testP4ApproxSetVarcharGroupBy()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderstatus, cardinality(cast(approx_set(CAST(custkey AS VARCHAR)) AS P4HYPERLOGLOG)) " +
                "FROM orders " +
                "GROUP BY orderstatus");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), actual.getTypes())
                .row("O", 1021L)
                .row("F", 1019L)
                .row("P", 302L)
                .build();

        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testP4ApproxSetDoubleGroupBy()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderstatus, cardinality(cast(approx_set(CAST(custkey AS DOUBLE)) AS P4HYPERLOGLOG)) " +
                "FROM orders " +
                "GROUP BY orderstatus");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), actual.getTypes())
                .row("O", 1011L)
                .row("F", 1011L)
                .row("P", 306L)
                .build();

        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testP4ApproxSetWithNulls()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT cardinality(cast(approx_set(IF(orderstatus = 'O', custkey)) AS P4HYPERLOGLOG)) FROM orders");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), actual.getTypes())
                .row(1001L)
                .build();

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testP4ApproxSetOnlyNulls()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT cardinality(cast(approx_set(null) AS P4HYPERLOGLOG)) FROM orders");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), actual.getTypes())
                .row(new Object[] {null})
                .build();

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testP4ApproxSetGroupByWithOnlyNullsInOneGroup()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderstatus, cardinality(cast(approx_set(IF(orderstatus != 'O', custkey)) AS P4HYPERLOGLOG)) " +
                "FROM orders " +
                "GROUP BY orderstatus");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), actual.getTypes())
                .row("O", null)
                .row("F", 998L)
                .row("P", 308L)
                .build();

        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testP4ApproxSetGroupByWithNulls()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("" +
                "SELECT orderstatus, cardinality(cast(approx_set(IF(custkey % 2 <> 0, custkey)) AS P4HYPERLOGLOG)) " +
                "FROM orders " +
                "GROUP BY orderstatus");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), actual.getTypes())
                .row("O", 495L)
                .row("F", 491L)
                .row("P", 153L)
                .build();

        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testValuesWithNonTrivialType()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("VALUES (0E0/0E0, 1E0/0E0, -1E0/0E0)");

        List<MaterializedRow> rows = actual.getMaterializedRows();
        assertEquals(rows.size(), 1);

        MaterializedRow row = rows.get(0);
        assertTrue(((Double) row.getField(0)).isNaN());
        assertEquals(row.getField(1), Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY);
        assertEquals(row.getField(2), Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY);
    }

    @Test
    public void testValuesWithTimestamp()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("VALUES (current_timestamp, now())");

        List<MaterializedRow> rows = actual.getMaterializedRows();
        assertEquals(rows.size(), 1);

        MaterializedRow row = rows.get(0);
        assertEquals(row.getField(0), row.getField(1));
    }

    @Test
    public void testValuesWithUnusedColumns()
    {
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual("SELECT foo FROM (values (1, 2)) a(foo, bar)");

        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(getSession(), actual.getTypes())
                .row(1)
                .build();

        assertEquals(actual.getMaterializedRows(), expected.getMaterializedRows());
    }

    @Test
    public void testFilterPushdownWithAggregation()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM (SELECT count(*) FROM orders) WHERE 0=1");
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM (SELECT count(*) FROM orders) WHERE null");
    }

    @Test
    public void testAccessControl()
    {
        assertAccessDenied("INSERT INTO orders SELECT * FROM orders", "Cannot insert into table .*.orders.*", privilege("orders", INSERT_TABLE));
        assertAccessDenied("DELETE FROM orders", "Cannot delete from table .*.orders.*", privilege("orders", DELETE_TABLE));
        assertAccessDenied("CREATE TABLE foo AS SELECT * FROM orders", "Cannot create table .*.foo.*", privilege("foo", CREATE_TABLE));
        assertAccessDenied("SELECT * FROM nation", "Cannot select from columns \\[nationkey, regionkey, name, comment\\] in table .*.nation.*", privilege("nationkey", SELECT_COLUMN));
        assertAccessDenied("SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM nation)", "Cannot select from columns \\[nationkey, regionkey, name, comment\\] in table .*.nation.*", privilege("nationkey", SELECT_COLUMN));
        assertAccessDenied("SELECT name FROM (SELECT * FROM nation)", "Cannot select from columns \\[nationkey, regionkey, name, comment\\] in table .*.nation.*", privilege("nationkey", SELECT_COLUMN));
        assertAccessAllowed("SELECT name FROM nation", privilege("nationkey", SELECT_COLUMN));
        assertAccessDenied("SELECT n1.nationkey, n2.regionkey FROM nation n1, nation n2", "Cannot select from columns \\[nationkey, regionkey\\] in table .*.nation.*", privilege("nationkey", SELECT_COLUMN));
        assertAccessDenied("SELECT count(name) as c FROM nation where comment > 'abc' GROUP BY regionkey having max(nationkey) > 10", "Cannot select from columns \\[nationkey, regionkey, name, comment\\] in table .*.nation.*", privilege("nationkey", SELECT_COLUMN));
        assertAccessDenied("SELECT 1 FROM region, nation where region.regionkey = nation.nationkey", "Cannot select from columns \\[nationkey\\] in table .*.nation.*", privilege("nationkey", SELECT_COLUMN));
        assertAccessDenied("SELECT count(*) FROM nation", "Cannot select from columns \\[\\] in table .*.nation.*", privilege("nation", SELECT_COLUMN));
        assertAccessDenied("WITH t1 AS (SELECT * FROM nation) SELECT * FROM t1", "Cannot select from columns \\[nationkey, regionkey, name, comment\\] in table .*.nation.*", privilege("nationkey", SELECT_COLUMN));
        assertAccessAllowed("SELECT name AS my_alias FROM nation", privilege("my_alias", SELECT_COLUMN));
        assertAccessAllowed("SELECT my_alias from (SELECT name AS my_alias FROM nation)", privilege("my_alias", SELECT_COLUMN));
        assertAccessDenied("SELECT name AS my_alias FROM nation", "Cannot select from columns \\[name\\] in table .*.nation.*", privilege("name", SELECT_COLUMN));
    }

    @Test
    public void testEmptyInputForUnnest()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT val FROM (SELECT DISTINCT vals FROM (values (array[2])) t(vals) WHERE false) tmp CROSS JOIN unnest(tmp.vals) tt(val)", "SELECT 1 WHERE 1=2");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCoercions()
    {
        // VARCHAR
        assertQuery("SELECT length(NULL)");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST('abc' AS VARCHAR(255)) || CAST('abc' AS VARCHAR(252))");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST('abc' AS VARCHAR(255)) || 'abc'");

        // DECIMAL - DECIMAL
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(1.1 AS DECIMAL(38,1)) + NULL");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(292 AS DECIMAL(38,1)) + CAST(292.1 AS DECIMAL(5,1))");
        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(
                computeActual("SELECT ARRAY[CAST(282 AS DECIMAL(22,1)), CAST(282 AS DECIMAL(10,1))] || CAST(292 AS DECIMAL(5,1))"),
                computeActual("SELECT ARRAY[CAST(282 AS DECIMAL(22,1)), CAST(282 AS DECIMAL(10,1)), CAST(292 AS DECIMAL(5,1))]"));

        // BIGINT - DECIMAL
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(1.1 AS DECIMAL(38,1)) + CAST(292 AS BIGINT)");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(292 AS DECIMAL(38,1)) = CAST(292 AS BIGINT)");
        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(
                computeActual("SELECT ARRAY[CAST(282 AS DECIMAL(22,1)), CAST(282 AS DECIMAL(10,1))] || CAST(292 AS BIGINT)"),
                computeActual("SELECT ARRAY[CAST(282 AS DECIMAL(22,1)), CAST(282 AS DECIMAL(10,1)), CAST(292 AS DECIMAL(19,0))]"));

        // DECIMAL - DECIMAL
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(1.1 AS DECIMAL(38,1)) + CAST(1.1 AS DOUBLE)");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(1.1 AS DECIMAL(38,1)) = CAST(1.1 AS DOUBLE)");
        assertQuery("SELECT SIN(CAST(1.1 AS DECIMAL(38,1)))");
        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(
                computeActual("SELECT ARRAY[CAST(282.1 AS DOUBLE), CAST(283.2 AS DOUBLE)] || CAST(101.3 AS DECIMAL(5,1))"),
                computeActual("SELECT ARRAY[CAST(282.1 AS DOUBLE), CAST(283.2 AS DOUBLE), CAST(101.3 AS DOUBLE)]"));

        // INTEGER - DECIMAL
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(1.1 AS DECIMAL(38,1)) + CAST(292 AS INTEGER)");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(292 AS DECIMAL(38,1)) = CAST(292 AS INTEGER)");
        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(
                computeActual("SELECT ARRAY[CAST(282 AS DECIMAL(22,1)), CAST(282 AS DECIMAL(10,1))] || CAST(292 AS INTEGER)"),
                computeActual("SELECT ARRAY[CAST(282 AS DECIMAL(22,1)), CAST(282 AS DECIMAL(10,1)), CAST(292 AS DECIMAL(19,0))]"));

        // TINYINT - DECIMAL
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(1.1 AS DECIMAL(38,1)) + CAST(CAST(121 AS DECIMAL(30,1)) AS TINYINT)");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(292 AS DECIMAL(38,1)) = CAST(CAST(121 AS DECIMAL(30,1)) AS TINYINT)");

        // SMALLINT - DECIMAL
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(1.1 AS DECIMAL(38,1)) + CAST(CAST(121 AS DECIMAL(30,1)) AS SMALLINT)");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(292 AS DECIMAL(38,1)) = CAST(CAST(121 AS DECIMAL(30,1)) AS SMALLINT)");

        // Complex coercions across joins
        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM (" +
                        "  SELECT t2.x || t2.z cc FROM (" +
                        "    SELECT *" +
                        "    FROM (VALUES (CAST('a' AS VARCHAR), CAST('c' AS VARCHAR))) t(x, z)" +
                        "  ) t2" +
                        "  JOIN (" +
                        "    SELECT *" +
                        "    FROM (VALUES (CAST('a' AS VARCHAR), CAST('c' AS VARCHAR))) u(x, z)" +
                        "    WHERE z='c'" +
                        "  ) u2" +
                        "  ON t2.z = u2.z" +
                        ") tt " +
                        "WHERE cc = 'ac'",
                "SELECT 'ac'");

        assertQuery("SELECT * FROM (" +
                        "  SELECT greatest (t.x, t.z) cc FROM (" +
                        "    SELECT *" +
                        "    FROM (VALUES (VARCHAR 'a', VARCHAR 'c')) t(x, z)" +
                        "  ) t" +
                        "  JOIN (" +
                        "    SELECT *" +
                        "    FROM (VALUES (VARCHAR 'a', VARCHAR 'c')) u(x, z)" +
                        "    WHERE z='c'" +
                        "  ) u" +
                        "  ON t.z = u.z" +
                        ")" +
                        "WHERE cc = 'c'",
                "SELECT 'c'");

        assertQuery("SELECT cc[1], cc[2] FROM (" +
                        " SELECT * FROM (" +
                        "  SELECT array[t.x, t.z] cc FROM (" +
                        "    SELECT *" +
                        "    FROM (VALUES (VARCHAR 'a', VARCHAR 'c')) t(x, z)" +
                        "  ) t" +
                        "  JOIN (" +
                        "    SELECT *" +
                        "    FROM (VALUES (VARCHAR 'a', VARCHAR 'c')) u(x, z)" +
                        "    WHERE z='c'" +
                        "  ) u" +
                        "  ON t.z = u.z)" +
                        " WHERE cc = array['a', 'c'])",
                "SELECT 'a', 'c'");

        assertQuery("SELECT c = 'x'" +
                "FROM (" +
                "    SELECT 'x' AS c" +
                "    UNION ALL" +
                "    SELECT 'yy' AS c" +
                ")");
    }

    @Test
    public void testExecute()
    {
        Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                .addPreparedStatement("my_query", "SELECT 123, 'abc'")
                .build();
        assertQuery(session, "EXECUTE my_query", "SELECT 123, 'abc'");
    }

    @Test
    public void testExecuteUsing()
    {
        String query = "SELECT a + 1, count(?) FROM (VALUES 1, 2, 3, 2) t1(a) JOIN (VALUES 1, 2, 3, 4) t2(b) ON b < ? WHERE a < ? GROUP BY a + 1 HAVING count(1) > ?";
        Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                .addPreparedStatement("my_query", query)
                .build();
        assertQuery(session,
                "EXECUTE my_query USING 1, 5, 4, 0",
                "VALUES (2, 4), (3, 8), (4, 4)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testExecuteUsingComplexJoinCriteria()
    {
        String query = "SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1) t(a) JOIN (VALUES 2) u(a) ON t.a + u.a < ?";
        Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                .addPreparedStatement("my_query", query)
                .build();
        assertQuery(session,
                "EXECUTE my_query USING 5",
                "VALUES (1, 2)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testExecuteUsingWithSubquery()
    {
        String query = "SELECT ? in (SELECT orderkey FROM orders)";
        Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                .addPreparedStatement("my_query", query)
                .build();

        assertQuery(session,
                "EXECUTE my_query USING 10",
                "SELECT 10 in (SELECT orderkey FROM orders)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testExecuteUsingWithSubqueryInJoin()
    {
        String query = "SELECT * " +
                "FROM " +
                "    (VALUES ?,2,3) t(x) " +
                "  JOIN " +
                "    (VALUES 1,2,3) t2(y) " +
                "  ON " +
                "(x in (VALUES 1,2,?)) = (y in (VALUES 1,2,3)) AND (x in (VALUES 1,?)) = (y in (VALUES 1,2))";

        Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                .addPreparedStatement("my_query", query)
                .build();
        assertQuery(session,
                "EXECUTE my_query USING 1, 3, 2",
                "VALUES (1,1), (1,2), (2,2), (2,1), (3,3)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testExecuteWithParametersInGroupBy()
    {
        try {
            String query = "SELECT a + ?, count(1) FROM (VALUES 1, 2, 3, 2) t(a) GROUP BY a + ?";
            Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                    .addPreparedStatement("my_query", query)
                    .build();
            computeActual(session, "EXECUTE my_query USING 1, 1");
            fail("parameters in GROUP BY and SELECT should fail");
        }
        catch (SemanticException e) {
            assertEquals(e.getCode(), MUST_BE_AGGREGATE_OR_GROUP_BY);
        }
        catch (RuntimeException e) {
            assertEquals(e.getMessage(), "line 1:10: '(a + ?)' must be an aggregate expression or appear in GROUP BY clause");
        }
    }

    @Test
    public void testExecuteNoSuchQuery()
    {
        assertQueryFails("EXECUTE my_query", "Prepared statement not found: my_query");
    }

    @Test
    public void testParametersNonPreparedStatement()
    {
        try {
            computeActual("SELECT ?, 1");
            fail("parameters not in prepared statements should fail");
        }
        catch (SemanticException e) {
            assertEquals(e.getCode(), INVALID_PARAMETER_USAGE);
        }
        catch (RuntimeException e) {
            assertEquals(e.getMessage(), "line 1:1: Incorrect number of parameters: expected 1 but found 0");
        }
    }

    @Test
    public void testDescribeInput()
    {
        Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                .addPreparedStatement("my_query", "SELECT ? FROM nation WHERE nationkey = ? and name < ?")
                .build();
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual(session, "DESCRIBE INPUT my_query");
        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(session, BIGINT, VARCHAR)
                .row(0, "unknown")
                .row(1, "bigint")
                .row(2, "varchar")
                .build();
        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual, expected);
    }

    @Test
    public void testDescribeInputWithAggregation()
    {
        Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                .addPreparedStatement("my_query", "SELECT count(*) + ? FROM nation")
                .build();
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual(session, "DESCRIBE INPUT my_query");
        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(session, BIGINT, VARCHAR)
                .row(0, "bigint")
                .build();
        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual, expected);
    }

    @Test
    public void testDescribeInputNoParameters()
    {
        Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                .addPreparedStatement("my_query", "SELECT * FROM nation")
                .build();
        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual(session, "DESCRIBE INPUT my_query");
        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(session, UNKNOWN, UNKNOWN).build();
        assertEquals(actual, expected);
    }

    @Test
    public void testDescribeInputNoSuchQuery()
    {
        assertQueryFails("DESCRIBE INPUT my_query", "Prepared statement not found: my_query");
    }

    @Test
    public void testQuantifiedComparison()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT nationkey, name, regionkey FROM nation WHERE regionkey = ANY (SELECT regionkey FROM region WHERE name IN ('ASIA', 'EUROPE'))");
        assertQuery("SELECT nationkey, name, regionkey FROM nation WHERE regionkey = ALL (SELECT regionkey FROM region WHERE name IN ('ASIA', 'EUROPE'))");

        assertQuery("SELECT nationkey, name, regionkey FROM nation WHERE regionkey <> ANY (SELECT regionkey FROM region WHERE name IN ('ASIA', 'EUROPE'))");
        assertQuery("SELECT nationkey, name, regionkey FROM nation WHERE regionkey <> ALL (SELECT regionkey FROM region WHERE name IN ('ASIA', 'EUROPE'))");

        assertQuery("SELECT nationkey, name, regionkey FROM nation WHERE regionkey = ALL (SELECT regionkey FROM region WHERE name IN ('ASIA'))");
        assertQuery("SELECT nationkey, name, regionkey FROM nation WHERE regionkey <> ALL (SELECT regionkey FROM region WHERE name IN ('ASIA'))");
        assertQuery("SELECT nationkey, name, regionkey FROM nation WHERE regionkey = ANY (SELECT regionkey FROM region WHERE name IN ('EUROPE'))");
        assertQuery("SELECT nationkey, name, regionkey FROM nation WHERE regionkey <> ANY (SELECT regionkey FROM region WHERE name IN ('EUROPE'))");

        assertQuery("SELECT nationkey, name, regionkey FROM nation WHERE regionkey < SOME (SELECT regionkey FROM region WHERE name IN ('ASIA', 'EUROPE'))");
        assertQuery("SELECT nationkey, name, regionkey FROM nation WHERE regionkey <= ANY (SELECT regionkey FROM region WHERE name IN ('ASIA', 'EUROPE'))");
        assertQuery("SELECT nationkey, name, regionkey FROM nation WHERE regionkey > ANY (SELECT regionkey FROM region WHERE name IN ('ASIA', 'EUROPE'))");
        assertQuery("SELECT nationkey, name, regionkey FROM nation WHERE regionkey >= SOME (SELECT regionkey FROM region WHERE name IN ('ASIA', 'EUROPE'))");

        assertQuery("SELECT nationkey, name, regionkey FROM nation WHERE regionkey < ALL (SELECT regionkey FROM region WHERE name IN ('ASIA', 'EUROPE'))");
        assertQuery("SELECT nationkey, name, regionkey FROM nation WHERE regionkey <= ALL (SELECT regionkey FROM region WHERE name IN ('ASIA', 'EUROPE'))");
        assertQuery("SELECT nationkey, name, regionkey FROM nation WHERE regionkey > ALL (SELECT regionkey FROM region WHERE name IN ('ASIA', 'EUROPE'))");
        assertQuery("SELECT nationkey, name, regionkey FROM nation WHERE regionkey >= ALL (SELECT regionkey FROM region WHERE name IN ('ASIA', 'EUROPE'))");

        // subquery with coercion
        assertQuery("SELECT 1.0 < ALL(SELECT 1), 1 < ALL(SELECT 1)");
        assertQuery("SELECT 1.0 < ANY(SELECT 1), 1 < ANY(SELECT 1)");
        assertQuery("SELECT 1.0 <= ALL(SELECT 1) WHERE 1 <= ALL(SELECT 1)");
        assertQuery("SELECT 1.0 <= ANY(SELECT 1) WHERE 1 <= ANY(SELECT 1)");
        assertQuery("SELECT 1.0 <= ALL(SELECT 1), 1 <= ALL(SELECT 1) WHERE 1 <= ALL(SELECT 1)");
        assertQuery("SELECT 1.0 <= ANY(SELECT 1), 1 <= ANY(SELECT 1) WHERE 1 <= ANY(SELECT 1)");
        assertQuery("SELECT 1.0 = ALL(SELECT 1) WHERE 1 = ALL(SELECT 1)");
        assertQuery("SELECT 1.0 = ANY(SELECT 1) WHERE 1 = ANY(SELECT 1)");
        assertQuery("SELECT 1.0 = ALL(SELECT 1), 2 = ALL(SELECT 1) WHERE 1 = ALL(SELECT 1)");
        assertQuery("SELECT 1.0 = ANY(SELECT 1), 2 = ANY(SELECT 1) WHERE 1 = ANY(SELECT 1)");

        // subquery with supertype coercion
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(1 AS decimal(3,2)) < ALL(SELECT CAST(1 AS decimal(3,1)))");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(1 AS decimal(3,2)) < ANY(SELECT CAST(1 AS decimal(3,1)))");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(1 AS decimal(3,2)) <= ALL(SELECT CAST(1 AS decimal(3,1)))");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(1 AS decimal(3,2)) <= ANY(SELECT CAST(1 AS decimal(3,1)))");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(1 AS decimal(3,2)) = ALL(SELECT CAST(1 AS decimal(3,1)))");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(1 AS decimal(3,2)) = ANY(SELECT CAST(1 AS decimal(3,1)))", "SELECT true");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(1 AS decimal(3,2)) <> ALL(SELECT CAST(1 AS decimal(3,1)))");
        assertQuery("SELECT CAST(1 AS decimal(3,2)) <> ANY(SELECT CAST(1 AS decimal(3,1)))");
    }

    @Test(dataProvider = "quantified_comparisons_corner_cases")
    public void testQuantifiedComparisonCornerCases(String query)
    {
        assertQuery(query);
    }

    @DataProvider(name = "quantified_comparisons_corner_cases")
    public Object[][] qualifiedComparisonsCornerCases()
    {
        //the %subquery% is wrapped in a SELECT so that H2 does not blow up on the VALUES subquery
        return queryTemplate("SELECT %value% %operator% %quantifier% (SELECT * FROM (%subquery%))")
                .replaceAll(
                        parameter("subquery").of(
                                "SELECT 1 WHERE false",
                                "SELECT CAST(NULL AS INTEGER)",
                                "VALUES (1), (NULL)"),
                        parameter("quantifier").of("ALL", "ANY"),
                        parameter("value").of("1", "NULL"),
                        parameter("operator").of("=", "!=", "<", ">", "<=", ">="))
                .collect(toDataProvider());
    }

    @Test
    public void testPreparedStatementWithSubqueries()
    {
        List<QueryTemplate.Parameter> leftValues = parameter("left").of(
                "", "1 = ",
                "EXISTS",
                "1 IN",
                "1 = ANY", "1 = ALL",
                "2 <> ANY", "2 <> ALL",
                "0 < ALL", "0 < ANY",
                "1 <= ALL", "1 <= ANY");

        queryTemplate("SELECT %left% (SELECT 1 WHERE 2 = ?)")
                .replaceAll(leftValues)
                .forEach(query -> {
                    Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                            .addPreparedStatement("my_query", query)
                            .build();
                    assertQuery(session, "EXECUTE my_query USING 2", "SELECT true");
                });
    }

    @Test
    public void testDescribeOutput()
    {
        Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                .addPreparedStatement("my_query", "SELECT * FROM nation")
                .build();

        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual(session, "DESCRIBE OUTPUT my_query");
        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(session, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, BIGINT, BOOLEAN)
                .row("nationkey", session.getCatalog().get(), session.getSchema().get(), "nation", "bigint", 8, false)
                .row("name", session.getCatalog().get(), session.getSchema().get(), "nation", "varchar(25)", 0, false)
                .row("regionkey", session.getCatalog().get(), session.getSchema().get(), "nation", "bigint", 8, false)
                .row("comment", session.getCatalog().get(), session.getSchema().get(), "nation", "varchar(152)", 0, false)
                .build();
        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual, expected);
    }

    @Test
    public void testDescribeOutputNamedAndUnnamed()
    {
        Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                .addPreparedStatement("my_query", "SELECT 1, name, regionkey AS my_alias FROM nation")
                .build();

        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual(session, "DESCRIBE OUTPUT my_query");
        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(session, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, BIGINT, BOOLEAN)
                .row("_col0", "", "", "", "integer", 4, false)
                .row("name", session.getCatalog().get(), session.getSchema().get(), "nation", "varchar(25)", 0, false)
                .row("my_alias", session.getCatalog().get(), session.getSchema().get(), "nation", "bigint", 8, true)
                .build();
        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual, expected);
    }

    @Test
    public void testDescribeOutputNonSelect()
    {
        assertDescribeOutputRowCount("CREATE TABLE foo AS SELECT * FROM nation");

        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("CALL foo()");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("SET SESSION optimize_hash_generation=false");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("RESET SESSION optimize_hash_generation");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("START TRANSACTION");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("COMMIT");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("ROLLBACK");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("GRANT INSERT ON foo TO bar");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("REVOKE INSERT ON foo FROM bar");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("CREATE SCHEMA foo");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("ALTER SCHEMA foo RENAME TO bar");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("DROP SCHEMA foo");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("CREATE TABLE foo (x bigint)");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("ALTER TABLE foo ADD COLUMN y bigint");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("ALTER TABLE foo RENAME TO bar");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("DROP TABLE foo");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("CREATE VIEW foo AS SELECT * FROM nation");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("DROP VIEW foo");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("PREPARE test FROM SELECT * FROM orders");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("EXECUTE test");
        assertDescribeOutputEmpty("DEALLOCATE PREPARE test");
    }

    protected void assertDescribeOutputRowCount(@Language("SQL") String sql)
    {
        Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                .addPreparedStatement("my_query", sql)
                .build();

        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual(session, "DESCRIBE OUTPUT my_query");
        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(session, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, BIGINT, BOOLEAN)
                .row("rows", "", "", "", "bigint", 8, false)
                .build();
        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual, expected);
    }

    protected void assertDescribeOutputEmpty(@Language("SQL") String sql)
    {
        Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                .addPreparedStatement("my_query", sql)
                .build();

        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual(session, "DESCRIBE OUTPUT my_query");
        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(session, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, BIGINT, BOOLEAN)
                .build();
        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual, expected);
    }

    @Test
    public void testDescribeOutputShowTables()
    {
        Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                .addPreparedStatement("my_query", "SHOW TABLES")
                .build();

        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual(session, "DESCRIBE OUTPUT my_query");
        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(session, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, BIGINT, BOOLEAN)
                .row("Table", session.getCatalog().get(), "information_schema", "tables", "varchar", 0, true)
                .build();
        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual, expected);
    }

    @Test
    public void testDescribeOutputOnAliasedColumnsAndExpressions()
    {
        Session session = Session.builder(getSession())
                .addPreparedStatement("my_query", "SELECT count(*) AS this_is_aliased, 1 + 2 FROM nation")
                .build();

        MaterializedResult actual = computeActual(session, "DESCRIBE OUTPUT my_query");
        MaterializedResult expected = resultBuilder(session, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR, BIGINT, BOOLEAN)
                .row("this_is_aliased", "", "", "", "bigint", 8, true)
                .row("_col1", "", "", "", "integer", 4, false)
                .build();
        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(actual, expected);
    }

    @Test
    public void testDescribeOutputNoSuchQuery()
    {
        assertQueryFails("DESCRIBE OUTPUT my_query", "Prepared statement not found: my_query");
    }

    @Test
    public void testSubqueriesWithDisjunction()
    {
        List<QueryTemplate.Parameter> projections = parameter("projection").of("count(*)", "*", "%condition%");
        List<QueryTemplate.Parameter> conditions = parameter("condition").of(
                "nationkey IN (SELECT 1) OR TRUE",
                "EXISTS(SELECT 1) OR TRUE");

        queryTemplate("SELECT %projection% FROM nation WHERE %condition%")
                .replaceAll(projections, conditions)
                .forEach(this::assertQuery);

        queryTemplate("SELECT %projection% FROM nation WHERE (%condition%) AND nationkey <3")
                .replaceAll(projections, conditions)
                .forEach(this::assertQuery);

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM nation WHERE (SELECT true FROM (SELECT 1) t(a) WHERE a = nationkey) OR TRUE",
                "SELECT 25");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT (SELECT true FROM (SELECT 1) t(a) WHERE a = nationkey) " +
                        "FROM nation " +
                        "WHERE (SELECT true FROM (SELECT 1) t(a) WHERE a = nationkey) OR TRUE " +
                        "ORDER BY nationkey " +
                        "LIMIT 2",
                "VALUES true, null");
    }

    @Test
    public void testAssignUniqueId()
    {
        String unionLineitem25Times = IntStream.range(0, 25)
                .mapToObj(i -> "SELECT * FROM lineitem")
                .collect(joining(" UNION ALL "));

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT count(*) FROM (" +
                        "SELECT * FROM (" +
                        "   SELECT (SELECT count(*) WHERE c = 1) " +
                        "   FROM (SELECT CASE orderkey WHEN 1 THEN orderkey ELSE 1 END " +
                        "       FROM (" + unionLineitem25Times + ")) o(c)) result(a) " +
                        "WHERE a = 1)",
                "VALUES 1504375");
    }

    @Test
    public void testLateralJoin()
    {
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT name FROM nation, LATERAL (SELECT 1 WHERE false)",
                "SELECT 1 WHERE false");

        // unused scalar subquery is removed
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT name FROM nation, LATERAL (SELECT 1)",
                "SELECT name FROM nation");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT name FROM nation, LATERAL (SELECT 1 WHERE name = 'ola')",
                "SELECT 1 WHERE false");

        // unused at-most-scalar subquery is removed
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT name FROM nation LEFT JOIN LATERAL (SELECT 1 WHERE name = 'ola') ON true",
                "SELECT name FROM nation");

        // unused scalar input is removed
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT n FROM (VALUES 1) t(a), LATERAL (SELECT name FROM region) r(n)",
                "SELECT name FROM region");

        // unused at-most-scalar input is removed
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT n FROM (SELECT 1 FROM (VALUES 1) WHERE rand() = 5) t(a) RIGHT JOIN LATERAL (SELECT name FROM region) r(n) ON true",
                "SELECT name FROM region");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT nationkey, a FROM nation, LATERAL (SELECT max(region.name) FROM region WHERE region.regionkey <= nation.regionkey) t(a) ORDER BY nationkey LIMIT 1",
                "VALUES (0, 'AFRICA')");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT nationkey, a FROM nation, LATERAL (SELECT region.name || '_' FROM region WHERE region.regionkey = nation.regionkey) t(a) ORDER BY nationkey LIMIT 1",
                "VALUES (0, 'AFRICA_')");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT nationkey, a, b, name FROM nation, LATERAL (SELECT nationkey + 2 AS a), LATERAL (SELECT a * -1 AS b) ORDER BY b LIMIT 1",
                "VALUES (24, 26, -26, 'UNITED STATES')");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM region r, LATERAL (SELECT * FROM nation) n WHERE n.regionkey = r.regionkey",
                "SELECT * FROM region, nation WHERE nation.regionkey = region.regionkey");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM region, LATERAL (SELECT * FROM nation WHERE nation.regionkey = region.regionkey)",
                "SELECT * FROM region, nation WHERE nation.regionkey = region.regionkey");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT quantity, extendedprice, avg_price, low, high " +
                        "FROM lineitem, " +
                        "LATERAL (SELECT extendedprice / quantity AS avg_price) average_price, " +
                        "LATERAL (SELECT avg_price * 0.9 AS low) lower_bound, " +
                        "LATERAL (SELECT avg_price * 1.1 AS high) upper_bound " +
                        "ORDER BY extendedprice, quantity LIMIT 1",
                "VALUES (1.0, 904.0, 904.0, 813.6, 994.400)");

        assertQuery(
                "SELECT y FROM (VALUES array[2, 3]) a(x) CROSS JOIN LATERAL(SELECT x[1]) b(y)",
                "SELECT 2");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM (VALUES 2) a(x) CROSS JOIN LATERAL(SELECT x + 1)",
                "SELECT 2, 3");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM (VALUES 2) a(x) CROSS JOIN LATERAL(SELECT x)",
                "SELECT 2, 2");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM (VALUES 2) a(x) CROSS JOIN LATERAL(SELECT x, x + 1)",
                "SELECT 2, 2, 3");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT r.name, a FROM region r LEFT JOIN LATERAL (SELECT name FROM nation WHERE r.regionkey = nation.regionkey) n(a) ON r.name > a ORDER BY r.name LIMIT 1",
                "SELECT 'AFRICA', NULL");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT r.name, a FROM region r RIGHT JOIN LATERAL (SELECT name FROM nation WHERE r.regionkey = nation.regionkey) n(a) ON r.name > a ORDER BY a LIMIT 1",
                "SELECT NULL, 'ALGERIA'");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1) a(x) FULL JOIN LATERAL(SELECT y FROM (VALUES 2) b(y) WHERE y > x) ON x=y",
                "VALUES (1, NULL), (NULL, 2)");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1, 2, 3) a(x) FULL JOIN LATERAL(SELECT z FROM (VALUES 1, 2, 3, 5) b(z) WHERE z != x) ON x != 1 AND z != 5",
                "VALUES (1, NULL), (2, 3), (2, 1), (3, 2), (3, 1), (NULL, 5)");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT * FROM (VALUES 1, 2) a(x) JOIN LATERAL(SELECT y FROM (VALUES 2, 3) b(y) WHERE y > x) c(z) ON z > 2*x",
                "VALUES (1, 3)");
    }

    @Test
    public void testPruningCountAggregationOverScalar()
    {
        assertQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT SUM(orderkey) FROM orders)");
        assertQuery(
                "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT SUM(orderkey) FROM orders GROUP BY custkey)",
                "VALUES 1000");
        assertQuery("SELECT count(*) FROM (VALUES 2) t(a) GROUP BY a", "VALUES 1");
        assertQuery("SELECT a, count(*) FROM (VALUES 2) t(a) GROUP BY a", "VALUES (2, 1)");
        assertQuery("SELECT count(*) FROM (VALUES 2) t(a) GROUP BY a+1", "VALUES 1");
    }

    @Test
    public void testDefaultDecimalLiteralSwitch()
    {
        Session decimalLiteral = Session.builder(getSession())
                .setSystemProperty(SystemSessionProperties.PARSE_DECIMAL_LITERALS_AS_DOUBLE, "false")
                .build();
        MaterializedResult decimalColumnResult = computeActual(decimalLiteral, "SELECT 1.0");

        assertEquals(decimalColumnResult.getRowCount(), 1);
        assertEquals(decimalColumnResult.getTypes().get(0), createDecimalType(2, 1));
        assertEquals(decimalColumnResult.getMaterializedRows().get(0).getField(0), new BigDecimal("1.0"));

        Session doubleLiteral = Session.builder(getSession())
                .setSystemProperty(SystemSessionProperties.PARSE_DECIMAL_LITERALS_AS_DOUBLE, "true")
                .build();
        MaterializedResult doubleColumnResult = computeActual(doubleLiteral, "SELECT 1.0");

        assertEquals(doubleColumnResult.getRowCount(), 1);
        assertEquals(doubleColumnResult.getTypes().get(0), DOUBLE);
        assertEquals(doubleColumnResult.getMaterializedRows().get(0).getField(0), 1.0);
    }
}
