diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/direct.cpp b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/direct.cpp
index d893a16e0..8c4eacce8 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/direct.cpp
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/direct.cpp
@@ -89,14 +89,21 @@ Model *model_fit(const char *name, AlgorithmML algorithm, const Hyperparameter *
 }
 
 struct DirectModelPredictor {
-    AlgorithmAPI *palgo;
-    ModelPredictor predictor;
+    AlgorithmAPI *palgo;// Pointer to the AlgorithmAPI object
+    ModelPredictor predictor;// Instance of the ModelPredictor class
 };
 
+// Function to prepare a model for prediction and return a ModelPredictor
+
 ModelPredictor model_prepare_predict(const Model* model)
 {
+    // Allocate memory for the DirectModelPredictor struct
     DirectModelPredictor *pred = (DirectModelPredictor*) palloc(sizeof(DirectModelPredictor));
+
+    // Get the algorithm-specific API for the model's algorithm
     pred->palgo = get_algorithm_api(model->algorithm);
+
+    // Prepare the predictor using the algorithm API, model data, and return type
     pred->predictor = pred->palgo->prepare_predict(pred->palgo, &model->data, model->return_type);
     return (ModelPredictor)pred;
 }
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/distance_functions.cpp b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/distance_functions.cpp
index af759c590..fefd4f77c 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/distance_functions.cpp
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/distance_functions.cpp
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ IDENTIFICATION
  * are not available or for the the case that the dimension is not a multiple
  * of the width of the registers
  */
+ // Function to calculate L1 distance between two points without vectorization
+ 
 static force_inline double l1_non_vectorized(double const * p, double const * q, uint32_t const dimension)
 {
     double term = 0.;
@@ -51,11 +53,13 @@ static force_inline double l1_non_vectorized(double const * p, double const * q,
     double distance = 0.;
     double distance_correction = 0.;
 
+    // Calculate the difference between the first dimension of p and q
     twoDiff(q[0], p[0], &term, &term_correction);
     term += term_correction;
     // absolute value of the difference (hopefully done by clearing the sign bit)
     distance = std::abs(term);
-
+    
+    // Iterate over the remaining dimensions
     for (uint32_t d = 1; d < dimension; ++d) {
         twoDiff(q[d], p[d], &term, &term_correction);
         term += term_correction;
@@ -63,7 +67,8 @@ static force_inline double l1_non_vectorized(double const * p, double const * q,
         twoSum(distance, term, &distance, &term_correction);
         distance_correction += term_correction;
     }
-
+    
+    // Return the final distance
     return distance + distance_correction;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/fp_ops.cpp b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/fp_ops.cpp
index 9fe9ab972..e59ef262d 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/fp_ops.cpp
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/fp_ops.cpp
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ void twoDiff(double const a, double const b, double *sub, double *e)
 #endif
 }
 
+// Function to split a double precision number into high and low parts using Veltkamp's splitting algorithm
 static force_inline void veltkamp_split(double p, double *p_hi, double *p_low)
 {
     uint32_t const shift = 27U; // ceil(53 / 2)
@@ -134,6 +135,7 @@ IncrementalStatistics IncrementalStatistics::operator + (IncrementalStatistics c
     return sum;
 }
 
+// Overloaded subtraction operator for IncrementalStatistics
 IncrementalStatistics IncrementalStatistics::operator - (IncrementalStatistics const & rhs) const
 {
     IncrementalStatistics minus = *this;
@@ -166,6 +168,7 @@ IncrementalStatistics &IncrementalStatistics::operator += (IncrementalStatistics
     return *this;
 }
 
+// Overloaded compound subtraction operator for IncrementalStatistics
 IncrementalStatistics &IncrementalStatistics::operator -= (IncrementalStatistics const & rhs)
 {
     uint64_t const current_population = population - rhs.population;
@@ -221,6 +224,7 @@ double IncrementalStatistics::getEmpiricalMean() const
     return mean;
 }
 
+// Function to calculate the empirical variance of the IncrementalStatistics object
 double IncrementalStatistics::getEmpiricalVariance() const
 {
     double variance = 0.;
@@ -229,6 +233,8 @@ double IncrementalStatistics::getEmpiricalVariance() const
     return variance;
 }
 
+// Retrieve the empirical standard deviation from the IncrementalStatistics object
+
 double IncrementalStatistics::getEmpiricalStdDev() const
 {
     double const std_dev = getEmpiricalVariance();
@@ -237,6 +243,8 @@ double IncrementalStatistics::getEmpiricalStdDev() const
     return std_dev < 0. ? 0. : std::sqrt(getEmpiricalVariance());
 }
 
+// Function to reset the IncrementalStatistics object to its initial state
+
 bool IncrementalStatistics::reset()
 {
     errno_t rc = memset_s(this, sizeof(IncrementalStatistics), 0, sizeof(IncrementalStatistics));
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/gd.cpp b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/gd.cpp
index 293221fa7..f1a8d85c2 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/gd.cpp
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/gd.cpp
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 
 #define GD_TARGET_COL   0   // predefined, always the first
 
+// Function to get the name of an OptimizerML enum value
 const char *gd_get_optimizer_name(OptimizerML optimizer)
 {
     static const char* names[] = { "gd", "ngd" };
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ const char *gd_get_optimizer_name(OptimizerML optimizer)
     return names[optimizer];
 }
 
+// Function to get the GradientDescent algorithm based on the AlgorithmML enum value
 GradientDescent *gd_get_algorithm(AlgorithmML algorithm)
 {
     GradientDescent *gd_algorithm = nullptr;
@@ -143,6 +145,8 @@ static double gd_get_score(GradientDescentState *gd_state, MetricML metric, bool
     return score;
 }
 
+// Copy data from a PostgreSQL array to a destination array
+
 void gd_copy_pg_array_data(float8 *dest, Datum const source_datum, int32_t const num_entries)
 {
     ArrayType *pg_array = DatumGetArrayTypeP(source_datum);
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/linregr.cpp b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/linregr.cpp
index 96e9f1ed3..350b1e5ab 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/linregr.cpp
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/linregr.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 
 #include "db4ai/gd.h"
 
+// Function to compute gradients for linear regression
 static void linear_reg_gradients(GradientsConfig *cfg)
 {
     Assert(cfg->features->rows > 0);
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ static void linear_reg_gradients(GradientsConfig *cfg)
     matrix_release(&loss);
 }
 
+// Function to test linear regression and calculate the loss
 static double linear_reg_test(const GradientDescentState* gd_state, const Matrix *features, const Matrix *dep_var,
     const Matrix *weights, Scores *scores)
 {
@@ -76,6 +78,7 @@ static Datum linear_reg_predict(const Matrix *features, const Matrix *weights,
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
+
 GradientDescent gd_linear_regression = {
     {
         LINEAR_REGRESSION,
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/optimizer_ngd.cpp b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/optimizer_ngd.cpp
index a67a2ed65..d100566b0 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/optimizer_ngd.cpp
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/optimizer_ngd.cpp
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ typedef struct OptimizerNormalize {
     Matrix scale_gradients;
 } OptimizerNormalize;
 
+// Function to be called at the end of each iteration in the NGD (Normalized Gradient Descent) optimizer
+
 static void opt_ngd_end_iteration(OptimizerGD *optimizer)
 {
     OptimizerNormalize *opt = (OptimizerNormalize *)optimizer;
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/optimizer_ova.cpp b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/optimizer_ova.cpp
index a0334c23f..15ee2924e 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/optimizer_ova.cpp
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/optimizer_ova.cpp
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ static void opt_gd_ova_start_iteration(OptimizerGD *optimizer)
         opt->parent->start_iteration(opt->parent);
 }
 
+// Signal the end of an iteration for a Gradient Descent-based optimizer in the OVA framework
+
 static void opt_gd_ova_end_iteration(OptimizerGD *optimizer)
 {
     OptimizerOVA *opt = (OptimizerOVA *)optimizer;
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/optimizer_pca.cpp b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/optimizer_pca.cpp
index c9f76e628..6395222c3 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/optimizer_pca.cpp
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/optimizer_pca.cpp
@@ -91,6 +91,8 @@ static void gd_pca_update_batch(OptimizerGD *optimizer, Matrix const *features,
     hyperp->lambda = cfg_pca.batch_error;
 }
 
+// Release resources associated with a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) optimizer
+
 force_inline static void gd_pca_release(OptimizerGD *optimizer)
 {
     auto pca_opt = reinterpret_cast<OptimizerPCA *>(optimizer);
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/pca.cpp b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/pca.cpp
index 7abbe9171..0eacbab38 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/pca.cpp
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/pca.cpp
@@ -190,6 +190,8 @@ static void pca_gradients(GradientsConfig *cfg)
     cfg_pca->batch_error = error + error_correction;
 }
 
+// Define a function 'pca_test' that is marked for forced inlining
+
 force_inline static double pca_test(const GradientDescentState* gd_state, const Matrix *features,
                                     const Matrix *dep_var, const Matrix *weights, Scores *scores)
 {
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/predict.cpp b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/predict.cpp
index 4c0ebde3e..9dffbe459 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/predict.cpp
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/predict.cpp
@@ -32,8 +32,11 @@
 
 extern bool verify_pgarray(ArrayType const * pg_array, int32_t n);
 
+// Define a function 'gd_predict_prepare' that prepares a model predictor
+
 ModelPredictor gd_predict_prepare(AlgorithmAPI *self, const SerializedModel *model, Oid return_type)
 {
+    // Allocate memory for a SerializedModelGD structure and initialize it with zeros
     SerializedModelGD *gdp = (SerializedModelGD *)palloc0(sizeof(SerializedModelGD));
     gd_deserialize((GradientDescent*)self, model, return_type, gdp);
     if (gdp->algorithm->prepare_kernel != nullptr) {
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/shuffle_cache.cpp b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/shuffle_cache.cpp
index fe80a6eec..f8b514ab0 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/shuffle_cache.cpp
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/shuffle_cache.cpp
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
  */
 
 typedef struct ShuffleCache {
+    // Represents a ShuffleGD object (details are in the ShuffleGD struct)
     ShuffleGD shf;
     int cache_size;
     int *cache_batch;
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/svm.cpp b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/svm.cpp
index cbf7014be..2c227d709 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/svm.cpp
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/gd/svm.cpp
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ static void svmc_gradients(GradientsConfig *cfg)
 static double svmc_test(const GradientDescentState* gd_state, const Matrix *features, const Matrix *dep_var,
     const Matrix *weights, Scores *scores)
 {
+  // Compute the loss for a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier
     Assert(features->rows > 0);
 
     Matrix distances;
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/hyperparameter_validation.cpp b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/hyperparameter_validation.cpp
index e91ac8990..6da6454d4 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/hyperparameter_validation.cpp
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/hyperparameter_validation.cpp
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@
     }
 
 
+// Retrieve hyperparameter definitions for a given machine learning algorithm
+
 const HyperparameterDefinition* get_hyperparameter_definitions(AlgorithmML algorithm, int32_t *result_size)
 {
     AlgorithmAPI* api = get_algorithm_api(algorithm);
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/kernel.cpp b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/kernel.cpp
index 56ef4d74f..20f0c7033 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/kernel.cpp
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/kernel.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 #include "db4ai/kernel.h"
 
+// Release resources associated with a Gaussian kernel within a KernelTransformer
 static void kernel_gaussian_release(struct KernelTransformer *kernel)
 {
     KernelGaussian *kernel_g = (KernelGaussian *)kernel;
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/matrix.cpp b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/matrix.cpp
index 60144d1af..62be82435 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/matrix.cpp
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/db4ai/executor/matrix.cpp
@@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ void matrix_init_random_gaussian(Matrix *matrix, int rows, int columns, float8 m
     }
 }
 
+// Initialize matrices for a Gaussian kernel in a machine learning model
+
 void matrix_init_kernel_gaussian(int features, int components, float8 gamma, int seed, Matrix *weights, Matrix *offsets)
 {
     matrix_init_random_gaussian(weights, features, components, 0.0, sqrt(2.0 * gamma), seed);
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/deepsql/madlib_modules/xgboost_gs/xgboost_sklearn.sql_in b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/deepsql/madlib_modules/xgboost_gs/xgboost_sklearn.sql_in
index 0b760cced..92609a57a 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/deepsql/madlib_modules/xgboost_gs/xgboost_sklearn.sql_in
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/deepsql/madlib_modules/xgboost_gs/xgboost_sklearn.sql_in
@@ -9,12 +9,19 @@ m4_include(`SQLCommon.m4')
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 ------ Help messages
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Create or replace a function named xgboost_sk_classifier in the MADlib schema
+-- The function takes a parameter 'message' of type TEXT
+-- The function returns TEXT
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION MADLIB_SCHEMA.xgboost_sk_classifier(
     message    TEXT
 ) RETURNS TEXT AS $XX$
+ -- Call a Python function named PythonFunction with arguments xgboost_gs, xgboost_sklearn, and xgboost_sk_classifier_help_message
     PythonFunction(xgboost_gs, xgboost_sklearn, xgboost_sk_classifier_help_message)
 $XX$ LANGUAGE plpythonu IMMUTABLE;
 -------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Create or replace a function named xgboost_sk_classifier in the MADlib schema
+-- This version of the function doesn't take any parameters
+-- The function returns TEXT
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION MADLIB_SCHEMA.xgboost_sk_classifier()
 RETURNS TEXT AS $XX$
     SELECT MADLIB_SCHEMA.xgboost_sk_classifier(''::TEXT);
@@ -22,12 +29,15 @@ $XX$
 LANGUAGE sql IMMUTABLE;
 
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION MADLIB_SCHEMA.xgboost_sk_regressor(
     message    TEXT
 ) RETURNS TEXT AS $XX$
     PythonFunction(xgboost_gs, xgboost_sklearn, xgboost_sk_regressor_help_message)
 $XX$ LANGUAGE plpythonu IMMUTABLE;
+
 -------------------------------------------------------------
+
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION MADLIB_SCHEMA.xgboost_sk_regressor()
 RETURNS TEXT
 AS $XX$
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/kernel/hypopg_index.cpp b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/kernel/hypopg_index.cpp
index 62fad5d84..3d0f5793b 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/kernel/hypopg_index.cpp
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/kernel/hypopg_index.cpp
@@ -94,10 +94,12 @@ static void hypo_injectHypotheticalIndex(PlannerInfo *root, Oid relationObjectId
 static List *get_table_indexes(Oid oid);
 static List *get_index_attrnum(Oid oid);
 
+// Initialize the HypoPG extension
 void InitHypopg()
 {
     // init memory context
     if (g_instance.hypo_cxt.HypopgContext == NULL) {
+        // Create a new memory context named "HypopgContext" within the instance context
         g_instance.hypo_cxt.HypopgContext = AllocSetContextCreate(g_instance.instance_context, "HypopgContext", 
             ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_MINSIZE, ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_INITSIZE, ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_MAXSIZE, SHARED_CONTEXT);
     }
@@ -113,6 +115,7 @@ void set_hypopg_prehook(ProcessUtility_hook_type func)
     prev_utility_hook = func;
 }
 
+// Register hooks for the HypoPG extension
 void hypopg_register_hook()
 {
     // register hooks
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/kernel/index_advisor.cpp b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/kernel/index_advisor.cpp
index 125ec911e..8b9ed9706 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/kernel/index_advisor.cpp
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/kernel/index_advisor.cpp
@@ -170,11 +170,14 @@ static void adv_get_info_from_plan_hook(Node* node, List* rtable);
 static void get_join_condition_from_plan(Node* node, List* rtable);
 static void get_order_condition_from_plan(Node* node);
 
+// Define a PostgreSQL Datum-returning function to provide index advice
+
 Datum gs_index_advise(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
     FuncCallContext *func_ctx = NULL;
     SuggestedIndex *array = NULL;
 
+    // Retrieve the input query as a C string
     char *query = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
     if (query == NULL) {
         ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE), errmsg("you must enter a query statement.")));
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/tools/app/timed_app.py b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/tools/app/timed_app.py
index 8945cd969..ee2c92dcb 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/tools/app/timed_app.py
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/tools/app/timed_app.py
@@ -46,11 +46,18 @@ golden_kpi = list(map(
 
 
 def quickly_forecast_wrapper(sequence, forecasting_minutes):
+    # Call the quickly_forecast function with the given sequence and forecasting_minutes
     forecast_result = quickly_forecast(sequence, forecasting_minutes)
+
+    # Get the metric value range for the given sequence from the metric_value_range_map
     metric_value_range = metric_value_range_map.get(sequence.name)
+
+    # Check if metric_value_range and forecast_result are available
+    
     if metric_value_range and forecast_result:
         metric_value_range = metric_value_range.split(",")
         try:
+            # Convert the low and high range values to floats
             metric_value_low = float(metric_value_range[0])
             metric_value_high = float(metric_value_range[1])
         except ValueError as ex:
diff --git a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/tools/cmd/config_utils.py b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/tools/cmd/config_utils.py
index 2c2b73d36..a3b8854ac 100644
--- a/src/gausskernel/dbmind/tools/cmd/config_utils.py
+++ b/src/gausskernel/dbmind/tools/cmd/config_utils.py
@@ -142,9 +142,17 @@ def load_sys_configs(confile):
 # Defines a class that updates the encapsulated modification file
 class ConfigUpdater:
     def __init__(self, filepath):
+
+        # Initialize a ConfigParser object
         self.config = ConfigParser(inline_comment_prefixes=None)
+
+        # Get the absolute path of the file
         self.filepath = os.path.realpath(filepath)
+        
+        # Initialize the file pointer as None
         self.fp = None
+        
+        # Set the readonly flag to True
         self.readonly = True
 
     def get(self, section, option):
@@ -206,6 +214,7 @@ def set_config_parameter(confpath, section: str, option: str, value: str):
     if section.isupper():
         with ConfigUpdater(os.path.join(confpath, constants.CONFILE_NAME)) as config:
             # If not found, raise NoSectionError or NoOptionError.
+            
             try:
                 old_value, comment = config.get(section, option)
             except (NoSectionError, NoOptionError):